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Animal Nutrition (Food Processing (2) Digestion (Extracellular Digestion…

- - - - DEF: Animals that live in or on their food source
      - EX: Leaf minor caterpillar is eating through the soft tissue of an oak leaf & leaves a trail of feces on its wake
      - EX: Maggots (fly larvae) burrow into animal carcasses
    - - DEF: They are mostly aquatic animals that strain small organisms or food particles from the surrounding medium
      - EX: Attached to a humpback whale's upper jaw are comblike plates (baleen) which remove small invertebrates & fish from large volumes of H2O or mud
      - It's a type of suspension feeding which also includes removing suspended food particles from the surrounding medium by the trapping of mechanisms
    - - DEF: Animals that eat large pieces of food
      - EX: A rock python that cannot chew it's food into small pieces consumes it's prey whole & spends two weeks or longer digesting it's meal
      - Adaptations: claws, pincers, venomous fangs, tentacles, & teeth
      - Bulk feeders include: Most animals & humans
    - - DEF: Suck nutrient rich fluid from a living host
      - EX: A mosquito that pierced the skin of its human host with needlelike mouthparts in order to consume blood
      - EX of this being a benefit: humminbirds & bees move pollen between flowers as the fluid-feed on nectar
  - - - DEF: The hydrolysis of food inside vacuoles
      - PROCESS
        
        1) Begins after a cell engulfs solid food by phagocytosis or pinocytosis
        
        2) New formed food vacuoles fuse w / lysosomes, organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes
        
        3) Now that the food is protected inside an enclosed membrane, digestion can take place
        
        EX: of animals that digest food this way are sponges
    - - DEF: The breaking down of food on the outside of the cell either mechanically or with acid
      - Benefit: Enables animals to consume much more food that can be ingested by phagocytosis
      - EX: Humans use this when we eat - 1) Our teeth grind the food 2) Enzymes & acid in the stomach liquefy it 3) additional enzymes in the stomach break it down into parts our cells can use
      - EX: Fungi - 1) Suck the life out of the substrate they grow on; for instance, mold on strawberries secreting chemicals that break down the strawberry, the fungal cells then absorb the released nutrients. If the strawberries sat long enough, they would be liquefied
      - EX: Hydra or sea anemone - 1) The gastrovascular cavity fills the center of the animal w/1 opening for both food & waste. 2) When prey swim into the opening, gland cells of the gastrodermis (tissue layer that lines the cavity) then secrete digestive enzymes that break the soft tissues of the prey into small pieces. 3) Other gastrodermis cells engulf food particles, & most of the hydrolysis of macromolecules occurs intracellularly as in sponges
    - - 1) Mouth
        
        Function: Ingestion & mechanical digestion begins here
      - 3) Stomach
        
        Function: Stores food & begins digestion of proteins
        
        The stomach secrets: A digestive fluid called gastric juice that mixes w / the food through a churning action
      - 2) Esophagus
        
        Function: Connects to the stomach & once food enters, peristaltic contractions of smooth muscles move each bolus to the stomach
        
        DEF of peristaltic: Altering waves of contraction & relaxation in the smooth muscles lining the canal
        
        DEF of bolus: The saliva mixed with chewed food that the tongue makes
      - 4) Small intestine
        
        Function: 90% of the foods absorption and digestion occurs in the small intestines
      - 5) Large intestine
        
        Function: Absorb H2O from the remaining indigestible food & get ride of the waste from the body
  - - - Urine
        
        The benefit of testing: Give many clues to health such as whats going on in the blood
        
        Function: Filters waste
      - Feces
        
        Function: Removes waste from the body
        
        The benefit of testing: Give clues to what the person ate and show parasites
- - - - EX: The respiratory system fueling the circulatory system: #
      - Significance: This is a way for cells for cells to get ride of their waste & gain nutrients
      - What it involves: An increase surface area such as the villi in the small intestine
      - Cells need: H2O, minerals, oxygen,glucose,fats, proteins...ect
      - EX: In the digestive tract, food comes in via through gut & comes out as feces #
      - EX: In the Excretory system, the byproduct of cellular respiration in released #
      - The big picture of exchange surfaces: #
    - - Digestive
        
        Components: Mouth, phyarynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, anus
        
        Function: Food processing (ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination)
      - Circulatory
        
        Components: Heart, blood vessels, blood, spleen
        
        Function: Internal distribution of materials
        
        Circulatory Adaptions
        
        Vasodilation
        
        DEF: A widening of superficial blood vessels
        
        Consequence of vasodilation: Blood flow in skin increases
        
        EX: In endotherms, vasodilation usually warms the skin & increases the transfer of body heat to the environment by radiation, conduction, and convection
        
        World EX: Ibuprofen
        
        Vasoconstriction
        
        DEF: Reduces blood flow & heat transfer by decreasing the diameter of superficial vessels
        
        EX: Ectotherms control heat exchange by regulating blood flow
        
        EX: When the marine iguana swims in the cold ocean, the core of the iguana's body is warm to conserve heat
      - Respiratory
        
        Components: Lungs, trachea, other breathing tubes
        
        Function: Gas exchange (uptake of O2; disposal of CO2)
      - Immune & Lymphatic
        
        Components: Bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymph vessels
        
        Function: Body defense (Fighting infections & cancers)
      - Excretory
        
        Components: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
        
        Function: Disposal of metabolic waste; regulation of osmotic balance of blood
      - Endocrine
        
        Components: Pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, other hormone secreting glands
        
        Function: Coordination of body activities
      - Reproductive
        
        Components: Ovaries, testes, & associated areas
        
        Function: Reproduction
      - Nervous
        
        Function: Coordination of body activities, detection of stimuli & formation of responses to them
        
        Components: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs
      - Integumentary
        
        Components: Skin & it's derivatives
        
        Function: Protection against mechanical injury, infection, dehydration; thermoregulation
        
        Thermoregulation
        
        DEF of Thermoregulation: A process by which animals maintain their normal temperature
        
        Endothermic
        
        DEF: Organisms are warmed mostly by heat generated metabolism
        
        Benefits: They can maintain stable body temperatures
        
        Benefits: In cold weather, they warm themselves
        
        Benefits: In hot weather, they cool themselves
        
        EX of organisms: Some fish, many insects, humans, a few reptiles, birds, & other mammals
        
        Ectothermic
        
        DEF: Organisms gain most of their heat from external sources
        
        Benefits: They can adjust their temperature by behavioral means
        
        Benefits: They can consume less food b/c less energy is needed
        
        EX of organisms: Amphibians, most invertebrates, many honavian reptiles & fishes
        
        Variation in body temperature
        
        Two Types of Body Temperatures
        
        Variable - Poikilotherm
        
        DEF: An animal whose body temp varies w/environment
        
        EX: Largemouth bass which is a conformer is a poikilotherm
        
        Constant - Homeotherm
        
        DEF: The body temp remains constant regardless of environmet
        
        EX: The river otter which which is a regulator is a homeotherm
        
        Misconception between the two cleared: There is no fixed relationship between the source of heat & stability of body temperature
      - Skeletal
        
        Components: Skeleton, bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage
        
        Function: Body support, protection of internal organs, movement
      - Muscular
        
        Components: Skeletal muscles
        
        Function: Locomotion & other movement