Policing
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Who Are the Police?
To Module 1 (place marked there also)
The Police Subculture
Police Functions
Organization of the Police
The Development of the Police in the United States
The English Roots of the American Police
English Legal Tradition
Local Control
Fragmented Organization
Linnited Authority
Frankpledge: required that groups of 10 families, called tithings, agree to uphold the law, keep order, and bring violaters to a court
Everyday Actions of the Police
Encounters Between Police and Citizens
Police Discretion
Use of Force
Civic Accountability
Internal Affairs Unit: recievs and investigates complaints against officers
Civilian Review Boards: citizens' committee formed to investigate complaints against the police
Standards and Accredation: CALEA - a private nonprofit corporation formed by four professional associations
Civic Liability Lawsuits
Patrol Functions
Investigations
Special Operations
Apprehension
Traffic
Vice
Drug Law Enforcement
Issues in Patrolling
Assignment of Patrol Personnel
Preventive Patrol
Hot Spots
Foot vs. Motorized Patrol
Aggressive Patrol
Community Policing
Police and the Community
Special Populations
Policing in a Multicultural Society
Community Crime Prevention
Homeland Security
Preparing for Threats
New Laws and Controversies
Security Management and Private Policing
Functions of Security Management and Private Policing
Private Police and Homeland Security
Private Employment of Public Police
The Public-Private Interface
Recruitment and Training
Law Enforcement Agencies
Policing in the United States
The Community Policing Era (1970-present)
Problem-oriented Policing: instead of focusing on crime and disorder, the police should identify the underlying causes of problems
Urge greater use of foot and bicycle patrols so that officers will become known to citizens, who in turn will cooperate with the police
The Professional Model Era (1920-1970)
The Political Era (1840-1920)
High levels of police and political corruption
Close times were formed between the police and local political leaders at that time
The Colonial Era and the Early Republic
Watch Systems: served to warn of dangers ranging from fires to crime
Slave Patrols: organized forces to to prevent slave revolts and to catch runaway slaves
Federal
FBI
Drug Enforcement Agency
U.S. Marshals Service
Department of Homeland Security
Secret Service
Transportation Security Administration
Internal Revenue Service
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms & Explosives
State
Highway Patrol
Local
County Police
State Police
Sheriffs Department
Native American Tribal Police
Recruitment
Law Enforcement Certification: attending a police academy such as the 12- to 22-week nondegree classes offered though the criminal justice programs at colleges
Changing the Profile of the Police
Minorities
Women
Training
Socialization: members learn the symbols, beliefs,and values of a group or subculture
Subculture: made up of the symbols, beliefs, and attitudes shared by members of a subgroup within a larger society
Working Personality
Danger
Authority
A set of emotional and behavioral characteristics developed by members of an occupational group in response to the work situation and environmental influences
Order maintenance
Law Enforcement
Service
Implementing the Mandate
Division of labor
Chain and Unity of Command
Domestic Violence: violence between spouses or intimate partners
Excessive Force: using levels above what is necessary to contain the individual
Excessive Use of Force: culturally we go to force and utilized it more than necessary
Corruption
Legal Limitations on Police Investigations
Search and Seizure
Search: search for and examination of evidence
Seizure: situations in which LEO's use their authority to deprive individuals of the liberty or property and must not be unreasonable
Concept of Arrest
Probable Cause: when suffecient evidence is availabe to support the reasonable conclusion that a person has committed a crime
Usually needs a warrant but not always
Warrantless Searches
Terry vs. Ohio
Extingent Circumstances
Questioning Suspects
Miranda Rules/Rights
The Exclusionary Rule
"Inevitable Discovery" Rule
"Good Faith" Exception
To Module III