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Memory (Multi-Store Model (Sensory Register (coding depend on sense organ,…

- - - - involves more than maintenance rehearsal
      - Multi-store is too simple
    - - Supporting evidence
        
        Studies used brain scanning techniques
        
        prefrontal cortex active during STM
        
        hippocampus active when LTM is
      - Case studies
        
        HM
        
        Operation to remove hippocampus
        
        personality and intellect remained intact
        
        to reduce severe epilepsy
        
        couldn't form new LTMs
        
        could remember previous memories
- - - - cover column remember digit
      - average span
        
        9.3 items
        
        7.3 letters
      - easier to recall digits as only 10 rather than 26 letters
    - - magic number 7+-2
      - can recall 5 words as well as 5 letters
      - chunk can remember more
  - - - 24 participants
      - 8 trials
        
        3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 seconds
      - had to recall constant syllable and three digit number
      - 90% accurate at 3 secs
      - 2% accurate at 18 secs
      - suggests duration short
- - - - 1975
      - 400 people (17-74)
      - photo-recognition test
      - school yearbook
      - list people in photos could remember
        
        15 years after 90% accurate
        
        48 years after 70% accurate
      - free recall (no photos)
        
        15 years 60% accurate
        
        48 years 30% accurate
  - - - processing of sensory input
      - has a particular meaning
      - applied to context

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Memory

Memory

Long Term Memory Features

Short Term Memory Features

memory for past events

unlimited duration & capacity

Bahrick tested duration

1975

400 people (17-74)

photo-recognition test

school yearbook

list people in photos could remember

15 years after 90% accurate

48 years after 70% accurate

free recall (no photos)

15 years 60% accurate

48 years 30% accurate

Semantic Coding

Baddeley research

processing of sensory input

has a particular meaning

applied to context

Not necessarily semantic

Frost (1972) - visual

Rothbart (1972) - acoustic

memory for immediate events

disappear unless aren't rehearsed

Capacity

Jacobs (1887)

cover column remember digit

average span

9.3 items

7.3 letters

easier to recall digits as only 10 rather than 26 letters

Miller (1956)

magic number 7+-2

can recall 5 words as well as 5 letters

chunk can remember more

capacity of 4 items / chunks

Duration

Lloyd & Margaret (1959)

24 participants

8 trials

3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 seconds

had to recall constant syllable and three digit number

90% accurate at 3 secs

2% accurate at 18 secs

suggests duration short

seconds / minutes

more limited than first thought

size of chunks matter

individual differences

artificial

results due to displacement

not exclusively acoustic coding

Acoustic Coding

repetition of words

what you hear

remembering / comprehending hearing

Baddeley suggest STM acoustic coding

Multi-Store Model

Conslusions

Weakness

involves more than maintenance rehearsal

Multi-store is too simple

Strength

Supporting evidence

Case studies

Retrieval

make available for use

information pass back through STM

process of getting information from LTM

Long-term memory

Short-term Memory

Maintenance rehearsal

more rehearsed stronger LTM link

repeat enough create LTM

repeat to retain in STM

Attention

person focus on sensory store - data transfers to STM

first step in remember in something

Sensory Register

coding depend on sense organ

large capacity

retained for brief period of time

information at senses

Studies used brain scanning techniques

prefrontal cortex active during STM

hippocampus active when LTM is

HM

Operation to remove hippocampus

personality and intellect remained intact

to reduce severe epilepsy

couldn't form new LTMs

could remember previous memories

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