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Student Assessments (Summative (Definition - Summative assessment refers…

- - - - Example of elementary school art-Exhibitions of student work,
        Portfolios of student work,
        Profiles of student behavior,
        Student reflective journals,
        Student interviews and questionnaires
        
        Of or for learning-Summative assessments are an assessment OF learning because they are used as a final measure to check a student’s understanding of a complete unit or course.
- - - - Of or for learning- High Stakes tests are an assessment OF learning because they are used to test what students already know about a specific subject.
        
        Example of elementary school art-Creative expression is difficult to assess largely due to the subjective nature of the judgments made (Dillon & Brown, 2006). Where these judgments contribute to high-stakes assessment, there are concerns about the reliability of resulting scores. Recent
        research has suggested that a comparative pairs method of marking may be the best
        approach to counter the subjectivity of judgments (Heldsinger & Humphry, 2010;
        Kimbell, Wheeler, Miller, & Pollitt, 2007; Newhouse, 2011; Pollitt, 2012). This method is based on making comparisons between pairs of artifacts or representations of
        performance and combining the results of these comparisons using a Rasch dichotomous
        model (Pollitt, 2012). However, to effectively apply this method to a large sample
        realistically requires that the work being judged is in a digital form so that computer
        software and networks can be used to access the work, enter judgments and calculate
        scores. For the results to be valid, these digital representations of student work or
        performance must have an adequate level of fidelity for the assessment
      - Advantages-It can help teachers create a specific learning plan for each student. - Test results are almost always publicly available. - High stakes testing improves a child’s test-taking abilities. - It emphasizes specific subjects that are universally needed
      - Disadvantages-It can cause children to repeat grade levels or deny a diploma. - Some students don’t engage with learning in this fashion. - It creates high levels of anxiety within the student. - Creativity is removed from the classroom. - Poor design: generally it does not test high order thinking or reasoning. Usually computerized grading. Special needs kids with differently learning styles are not adequately assessed.
- - - - Advantages- Encourages student involvement and responsibility. • Encourages students to reflect on their role and contribution to the process of the group work. • Allows students to see and reflect on their peers’ assessment of their contribution. • Focuses on the development of student’s judgment skills.
      - Of or for learning- I believe that self-assessment is an assessment FOR learning as it helps students reflect on what they know and identify steps for improvement and further learning.
        
        Example of elementary school art-art self assessment worksheet , 2 stars and a wish
      - Disadvantages-Potentially increases lecturer workload by needing to brief students on the process as well as on-going guidance on performing self evaluation. • Self evaluation has a risk of being perceived as a process of presenting inflated grades and being unreliable. • Students feel ill equipped to undertake the assessment.
- - - - Advantages-• Agreed marking criteria means there can be little confusion about assignment outcomes and expectations. • Encourages student involvement and responsibility. • Encourages students to reflect on their role and contribution to the process of the group work. • Focuses on the development of student’s judgment skills. • Students are involved in the process and are encouraged to take part ownership of this process. • Provides more relevant feedback to students as it is generated by their peers. • It is considered fair by some students because each student is judged on their own contribution. • When operating successfully can reduce a lecturer's marking load. • Can help reduce the ‘free rider’ problem as students are aware that their contribution will be graded by their peers.
      - Disadvantages Additional briefing time can increase a lecturer’s workload. • The process has a degree of risk with respect to the reliability of grades as peer pressure to apply elevated grades or friendships may influence the assessment, though this can be reduced if students can submit their assessments independent of the group. • Students will have a tendency to award everyone the same mark. • Students feel ill-equipped to undertake the assessment. • Students may be reluctant to make judgments regarding their peers. • At the other extreme students may be discriminated against if students ‘gang up’ against one group member.
      - Of or for learning- I believe that this is an assessment FOR learning as it helps students learn about how they can further improve their work from the perspective of an equal.
        
        Example of elementary school art-art critique.www/ebi-what went well even better if
- - - - Of or for learning- It is an assessment FOR learning because it is used to determine a student’s next steps since it measures what a student previously learned.
        
        Example of elementary school art-Student Self-Assessments:students can reflect on what they know about a topic and previous experiences with this topic.This would work well with skills that are repeated and refined year after year such as comprehension strategies.
      - Disadvantages- It may cause an educator to make incorrect inferences about a child's ability level
      - Advantages
        
        It provides information to individualize instruction. It may show a teacher that a small group of students needs additional instruction on a particular portion of a unit or course of study. He can then provide remediation for those students so that they can fully engage with new content. Similarly, if a teacher discovers that a group of students has already mastered a large portion of a unit of study, he can design activities that allow that group to go beyond the standard curriculum for that topic through independent or small group study.
        
        It creates a baseline for assessing future learning. It shows both the teacher and the students what is known before instruction has occurred. Thus, it sets a baseline on a topic. As the students move through instruction, they can see what they are or aren't learning, and the teacher can provide remediation or enrichment as needed.
        
        It allows teachers to plan meaningful and efficient instruction. When a teacher knows exactly what students know or don't know about a topic, she can focus lessons on the topics students still need to learn about rather than what they already know. This cuts down on student frustration and boredom.
- - - - Of or for learning- Portfolios are an assessment OF learning because they include a collection of student work and data that reflects their learning process.
        
        Example of elementary school art-■ A portfolio related to a given project may be evaluated using a specific
        checklist based on evidence of learning.
        ■ A portfolio related to a given unit of instruction may be scored with a
        checklist or a rubric based on generic descriptors of evidence of quality.
        ■ A portfolio related to a course of study may be scored with a checklist
        or with an activity-specific rubric. A logical system for aggregating
        entry-based scores to arrive at a comprehensive score or determination
        of the level of proficiency should be clearly articulated.
      - Disadvantages-Requiring extra time to plan an assessment system and conduct the assessment. -Gathering all of the necessary data and work samples can make portfolios bulky and difficult to manage. -Developing a systematic and deliberate management system is difficult, but this step is necessary in order to make portfolios more than a random collection of student work. -Scoring portfolios involves the extensive use of subjective evaluation procedures such as rating scales and professional judgment, and this limits reliability. -Scheduling individual portfolio conferences is difficulty and the length of each conference may interfere with other instructional activities. (Venn, 2000, p. 538)
      - Advantages-Promoting student self-evaluation, reflection, and critical thinking. -Measuring performance based on genuine samples of student work. -Providing flexibility in measuring how students accomplish their learning goals. -Enabling teachers and students to share the responsibility for setting learning goals and for evaluating progress toward meeting those goals. -Giving students the opportunity to have extensive input into the learning process. -Facilitating cooperative learning activities, including peer evaluation and tutoring, cooperative learning groups, and peer conferencing. -Providing a process for structuring learning in stages. -Providing opportunities for students and teachers to discuss learning goals and the progress toward those goals in structured and unstructured conferences. -Enabling measurement of multiple dimensions of student progress by including different types of data and materials. (Venn, 2000, p. 538)
- - - - Of or for learning- PA can be described as both formative (FOR learning) and summative (OF learning). Informative learning, teachers have numerous opportunity to observe student performance and provide highly descriptive feedback for students to adjust learning and teaching (for the teacher). The results at the end of a long project provide strong conditions for summative assessment since the teacher will have a fairly clear idea of the student’s acquisition of the skills/objectives targeted in the project.
        
        Example of elementary school art-Students draws various kinds of lines and textures to demonstrate an understanding of the concepts.
        They create a work of art in a given medium (e.g., drawing, collage, painting) within set parameters, following clear instructions.
        Explain how elements of art and principles of design create an effect.
      - Disadvantages- Usually the mostly costly approach - Time consuming and labor intensive to design and execute for faculty and students - Must be carefully designed if used to document obtainment of student learning outcomes - Ratings can be more subjective - Requires careful training of raters
      - Advantages Using a student-centered design can promote student motivation - Can be used to assess transfer of skills and integration of content - Engages student in active learning - Can place faculty more in a mentor role than as judge - Can be summative or formative - Can provide an avenue for student self-assessment and reflection - Can promote student creativity - Usually the most valid way of assessing skill development.
- - - - Advantages-Formative assessments are not graded, which takes the anxiety away from students. It also detaches the thinking that they must get everything right. Instead, they serve as a practice for students to get assistance along the way before the final tests. Teachers usually check for understanding in the event that students are struggling during the lesson. Teachers address these issues early on instead of waiting until the end of the unit to assess. Teachers have to do less reteaching at the end because many of the problems with mastery are addressed before final tests.
      - Disadvantages-Some teachers complain about sacrificing time to assess during the lesson and fear that they may not even finish the lesson. Teachers then feel the need to rush through a series of units, which causes students to lack mastery once the assessment is given at the end of the unit. Teachers may lack training or professional development on how to use formative assessments successfully because, historically, assessments are completed at the end. Formative assessment may lack the same weight — low to no point value — as a summative assessment, and students may not take the assessments seriously, which may cause teachers to misread feedback from students.
      - Of or for learning-It is an assessment FOR learning because it is used to determine the direction of learning and identify any gaps early in the learning process.
        
        Example of elementary school art- Entrance Ticket & Exit Ticket: At the start of a lesson, students were given 2 minutes to think - pair, and 3 minutes to share their responses verbally with the class. I use them to assess initial understanding of the material and process about art which will be discussed in the day’s lesson or as a summary of understanding of the previous day’s lesson. From the responses of students, I can assess their prior knowledge through the observation, analyzing, and interpretation skills.
        Collect feedback on students’ understanding at the end of a class and provide the students with an opportunity to reflect on what they have learned. They can be helpful in prompting students to begin to synthesize and integrate the information gained during a class period.
- - - - Of or for learning- I think it is designed to be an assessment FOR learning since it depends on students applying their skills and knowledge to projects that help them in improving and expanding on their skills.
        
        Example of elementary school art-performance assessment observation of student performance and the rating of those skills embedded in the performance.keeping journals
      - Disadvantages-Informal development of the assessments and difficulty in ensuring test validity and reliability given the subjective nature of human scoring rubrics as compared to computers scoring multiple-choice test items.
      - Advantages-Leads to Improved Teaching and Learning - Views Learning as a Process