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L7 Unhealthy Environments - Global & Aus & Climate Change &…
L7 Unhealthy Environments - Global & Aus & Climate Change & Health
Health and Environment
Top 10 causes of death from the environment
Stroke
Ischaemic heart disease
Unintentional injuries
Cancers
Chronic Respiratory diseases
Diarrhoeal diseases
Respiratory infections
Neonatal conditions
Malaria
Intentional Injuries
How the environment affects our health
ppl exposed to risk factors in their homes, work places & communities
Air poll
inadequate water, sanitation & hygiene
Chemicals
Radiation
Community noise
Occupational risks
Agricultural practices
Built environments
Climate change
Improve Environ to improve Health
Low carbon strats
Public transport
Reduce occupational exposures
Smoking bans
increase acces to safe water
Diseases w/ largest environmental contribution
Stroke
Ischaemic heart disease
Diarrhoeal diseases
Lower resp infections
Cancers
Diseases w/ largest Environmental contribution, Children under 5
Lower resp infections
Diarrhoeal diseases
Neonatal conditions
Malaria
Diseases w/ highest preventable disease burden from environmental risks
& main areas of environmental action to prevent disease
Infectious, parasitic, maternal, neonatal & nutritional causes
Lower Resp infections: household & ambient air poll, 2nd hand smoke
Diarrhoeal diseases: water, sanitation, hygiene & agricultural practices
Neonatal conds: air poll, mum's exposure to 2nd hand smoke
NCDs
CV disease: household & ambient air poll, 2nd hand smoke, chems
Cancers: Air poll, management of chems, radiation & worker's protection
COPD: Household air poll, worker's protection
Injuries
Unintentional injuries (other than road traffic): home, community & work safety
Road traffic injuries: road design, traffic syst environments, land-use planning
Self Harm: management of chems, access to firearms
Hep A
common outbreak in Aus
~ extensive & sustained despite public health interventions
so many food operators & transactions to trace
Children are affected
Resp conds
lower resp infections include: pneumonia, bronchitis & bronchiolitis
these infections are the most imp cause of mortality in children
risk factors: compromised immune syst, malnutrition & environmental risk factors
Exposure to cookstoves
Most imp environmental risk factor
adding the effects f household air poll frm the use of solid fuels for cooking 2gth w/ ambient air poll
more than
50% in children under 5
of lower resp infs were estimates to be
attributable to the environm
in low & middle income countries
⇊cookstoves = 75% ⇊pneumonia incidence
⇈handwashing = 50% ⇊ pneumonia
Diarrhoeal diseases
-Rotavirus
Faecal-oral route, via contact w/ contaminated hands, surfaces & objects & waterborne infections
Malaria
most imp vector-borne disease globally
parasites
resurgence
Neonatal Conds
include adverse pregnancy outcomes : ie low birth weight, prematurity, intrauterine growth restriction, stillbirth & neonatal sepsis & infections
ambient air poll, household air poll, 2nd hand smoke
Prot-E malnutrition
when body's req for E or prot are unmet bc underconsumption or impaired absorption & use of nutrients
Climate Change & Health
Main ppl @ risk due to climate change:
EVERYONE EVERYWHERE
those in poverty
women, children & elderly
outdoor workers
those living w/ chronic medical conds
those in megacities, small island developing status, other coastal, mountainus & polar reqs
countries w/ weak health syst
Links between Greenhouse Gas emissions, climate∆ & health
GG → ocean acidification → ⇊fishery → undernutrition
GG → ⇈sea level → Flood → bacterial diarrhoea→ undernutrition
GG → extreme weather → Fire → particulate pollution → Resp disease
Direct & indirect effects of climate ∆ on h&wb
Direct = storms, drought, flood, heatwave
Indirect = water quality, air poll etc
Social dynamics = age, gender, SES etc
^ + ^ + ^ = health impact [undernutrition, allergies, CV diseases etc
Global E syst [air emissions & solid discharges] & health impacts
air em → global climate ∆: Temp ⇈ → temp-related mort & morb
air em → global climate ∆: precipitation variation → effects of food & water shortages
air em → local air quality: outdoor& indoor air quality → Cardioresp disease
Solid discharges [sulphur, radioactive mat] → loc contamination: air, soil, water → cancer, acute radiation sickness