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W3 Australian & Global Health- Communicable Disease Prevention &…
W3 Australian & Global Health- Communicable Disease Prevention & Control
Imp Infectious Diseases:
Measles
Chicken Pox
Shingles
Rubella
Pertussis
Mumps
Meningococcal Disease
Rotavirus
Measles
one of the most contagious diseases
We've eradicated endemic measles so travellers are the ones bringing it
9x more infectious than Ebola
Highly contagious
airborne: cough or sneeze
Is Aus measles free?
elimination of endemic measles due to good uptake of MMR vacs ~ 1999
BUT it has been trending upwards in he last few yrs
Ave of 100 cases /yr due to
imported
cases : small outbreaks w/ ongoing transmission occurring in under-immunized pops
Global eradication of Measles
one of the leading causes of vac-preventable-death in children worldwide
Difficult to eradicate bc
~ highly infectious nature of the virus
~ susceptibility of infants between waning maternal antibody resistance & their 1st routine dose of measles vaccine @ 12 months age
Pertussis
Whooping cough
high notif rate for under 6 months
outbreaks:WA has regular pertussis outbreaks
Tuberculosis
Chlamydia
local 're-emerging infection'
STI
rate of chlamydia infection continues to climb, ⇈ing 6fold since 1994
No. of cases far higher than for any other infectious disease
rise is partly due to ⇈d testing but, estimated : 1 in 20 young Aussies have chlamydia & many don't know they have it
Basic Reproduction number
Ro [R nought]
of an infection = #cases one case on generates on ave over the course of its infectious period, in an uninfected pop
Basic Repro Rate
affected by factors:
~ B = infectiousness of the org
~ N = #susceptible ppl w/ whom the infected patient comes in contatc
~ D = duration of infectivity
Ro = B x N x D
BRN
Disease - Ro - Herd Immunity
Rotavirus, 16-18, 95%
Measles, 12-18, 95%
Pertussis, 12-17, 95%
Chicken Pox, 9-10, 95%
Herd Immunity:
indirect protection from infectious disease
occurs when large amt of pop have become immune to the infection
Immunisation
Imm rates in WA
Vacc rates below 93% = unsafe
Aus-wide, vacs rates improving
~ 83% in 2007
~ 90% in 2011
~ 93% in 2016
[ fully vaccinated @ 5 yrs]
WA: lower vacc rates than other states = 91.5%
Some suburbs [Cotteslow, Claremont, Freo & Mundaring]
= 80-85%
Communicable Disease: Prevention & Control - Global
Emerging & re-Emerging Infectious diseases
Tuberculosis
Zoonotic
transmitted to humans from animals
Malaria
~ Re-emerging: was more widespread than it is today but re-emerging bc abandonment of environmental measure of control
Influenza
killed more young adults in 1918-19 than in WWI
Emerging Infections
infections/diseases, newly appeared in a pop or have existed previously but are rapidly ⇈ing in incidence or geographic range whereas previously they only affected small #ppl in isolated places : organise into 3 grps
Re-emerging & Resurging infections: existed in past [and may have declined] but now rapidly ⇈ing either in incidence or in geographical or human host range
~ ie TB
TB
Resurgence bc
~ being immunocompromised w/ HIV/AIDS
~ Multi-Drug Resistance
~ Social disruption/ migration/ poverty due to war
Newly Emerging infections: not previous been recog in humans
~ ie. HIV/AIDS
~ also includes those newly emerging/ newly appreciated infections tht are now associated w/ chronic diseases [Hep B & C w/ chronic liver damage}
Deliberately Emerging
developed by humans for malicious use (both naturally occurring [Anthrax] & bioengineered microorgs tht are more virulent)