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2.4 Cells (Cell Structures (Cell Membrane: All cells contain a plasma…

- - - - Pinocytosis: Where fluids are taken in, in which the membrane makes small infolding which pinch off the liquid forming a vesicle
      - Phagocytosis: Where membrane appear to flow around the particles and close off to form a (food) vacuole
      - Exocytosis:Is the removal of substances from the cell. Occurs when cell needs to secrete a substance
- - - - The genetic code is the sequence of bases along one strand. A sequence three bases called a triplet, codes for an amino acid. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
- - - - Temperature: Increasing the temperature increases the rate of photosynthesis up to the optimum temp. When the temperature goes above the optimum temperature, the enzymes controlling the reaction will denature and can no longer catalyze the reaction.
      - Light Intensity:
        Increasing the light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis up to a maximum. Above this maximum, further increases in light intensity have no further effect on the photosynthetic rate. This is because either the light-absorbing pigments are saturated and/or the concentration of CO2 is limiting the Calvin Cycle,and/or the temperature is too low.
      - CO2 Concentration: Increasing CO2 increases the rate of photosynthesis up to a maximum. Above this maximum of [CO2], further increasing the concentration will have no effect on the photosynthetic rate because the Calvin Cycle is saturated and/or amount of light intensity is limiting the light-dependent reactions and/or temperature is too low.
  - - - 1) Glycolysis: The first chemical pathway, occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. Each glucose molecule is broken down into two pyruvate molecules. Two molecules of ATP are produced in the breakdown
        
        2) Krebs CycleIs the second chemical pathway of aerobic respiration and it occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria. Pyruvate (in the form of Acetyl CoA) is def into a complex biochemical cycle. as the pyruvate passes around the cycle, extensive rearrangement occurs, with CO2 molecules and H atoms being produced. The molecules that make up the cycle are not used in the reaction. CO2 is a waste productand diffuses out of the mitochondria and the cell. H atoms are picked up by a carrier molecule (NAD) and taken to the third chemical pathway of aerobic respiration
        
        3) Electron Transfer Chain: Is the final chemical pathway of aerobic respiration and it occurs on the cristae of the mitochondria. H atoms are ionized and their high energy electrons are passed along a series of acceptor molecules attached to the cristae. As the electrons are 'bounced' along the electron transfer chain. their energy is used to from ATP from ADP. At the end of the electron transfer chain, the electrons are returned to the H ions, which become atoms again and combine with O2 to form H20. At the end of the electron transfer chain, the electrons are returned to the H ions, which become atoms again and combine with O2 to form H20. The third stage of aerobic respiration produces the most ATP.38 molecules of ATP are formed by the end of aerobic respiration.
    - - Temperature : Increasing the temperature.... Optimum temperature... Goes over optimum..denature...Body Energy Demands: The rate of Respiration will increase up t a maximum as the demand from the cells of tissues increases.