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Lifespan Development (Infancy (birth- two years) (Physical Development…

- - - - 1. Food: From Birth right throughout life we need food to stay healthy food is important from birth because at a young age food is a big part of how a child will develop, a child needs food for their health and also their development so they can meet their physical milestones of weight and growth and also to help strengthen their bones
        At birth a baby cannot phyiscally feed themselves or even speak to say what foods they want and like. from birth to 12month a baby cannot pysically fed themselves toddlers will start wanting to feed themselves as early as 13 months, and most children have figured out this all-importantskill by 17 or 18 months. By age 4, your child will probably be able to hold utensils like an adult and be ready to learn table manners so from birth till 12months a baby will need a parent or caregivers to fed them and care for them by making sure babies have food.
      - 2. Shelter: Shelter is one of our physical and also basic needs: it is a place that can protect us from the elements, keep us warm and safe, and give us the encouragement to satisfy our other needs such as food,water, hygine and safety.
        Childhood is the most precious time of life, a time of rapid development when experiences shape the adults we become.
        A child’s healthy growth and development are dependent on many factors, including the immediate environment in which they live.
        Research has demonstrated that children’s life chances (the factors that affect their current and future well-being) are affected by the standard of their housing.
      - 3. A Structured Routine: For new born babies that cannot yet tell night from day a strutured routine is helpful because it allows the child to gain knowledge about night time and day time.
        Then at around 4 to 6 weeks the mother, father or caregiver gets a baby into a routine of a bottle for supper and it is then bath time this helps the baby come to a relisation that then after their bath and bottle it is time for sleep.
        
        Then at around 7 months a baby is more aware of their routine and what consists throughout the day such as at this time they go for a walk and breakfast happens when they wake up.
        From 7 months to 2 years the child knows their routine but may still challange it.
        There's no doubt that routines impose some order on the chaos of babyhood. It turns out that they also serve to enhance your child's development. "They're a necessary part of socialization," says Larry Shapiro, PhD, author of The Secret Language of Children: How to Understand What Your Kids Are Really Saying (Sourcebooks, 2003). "When a child learns that it's time to go to bed, not play, she's beginning to understand that she has to follow rules."
      - *4. Hygiene: Hygiene is the most important condition in terms of human health. It is especially important when it comes to your baby, who is very vulnerable to germs and viruses as his/her immune system is not like the immune system of an adult.
        
        For a newborn baby, where even the smallest microbe would be enough to make her or him sick, the hygiene of the house in which you live in is extremely important.
        Just like feeding from birth to infancy a child cannot physically keep themselves clean or their be hygientic on their own and they require caring for by parents or caregivers to keep clean by ensuring they are getting their baths and also their nappy's changed freuqnetly if you do not change your babies nappy freuqently it can cause issues such as sevre nappy rash whcih can be very sore for infants and babies.
        The parents and caregivers hygiene is also very important as their are germs everywhere it is important for parents and care givers to wash their hands frequently
  - - - 1. A safe enviorment: Research indicates long lasting effects of the early childhood enviorment on the brain struture and functiom.
        Early childhood expreince helps 'wire up' the brain for life, in a way that shapes a child's whole developmental path/future. Future cognitive and emotionial development are borth heavily influenced by enviormental influences in these early years from birth to infancy it is classed as the 'critical' periods of time for cognitive development and learning and it is said by research and evidence through 'wild child' that if a child does not gain the developmental skills by infancy they may never learn one of the most common examples being lanuage development it is said that if you do not learn lanuage by the age of 3-5 you may never learn.
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        .Toxic stress respone can occur when a child exprenences strong,frequent and prolonged adversity such as physical or emtionial abuse, chronic neglect, caregiver substance abuse or mental illness. Toxic stress damages developing brain architecture which can lead to lifelong difficulties in learning, behavour, physical and cognitive health.
        Scientists now know that chronic, unrelenting stress in early childhood (such as Infancy) caused by extreme poverty, repeated abuse, severe maternal deprivation can be toxic to the development of the brain.
        If a child goes through toxic stress during infancy it will make the evrioment the are living in unsafe and if a child during infancy does not receive a nuturing safe enviorment it is proven it will affect them in life further on if a child does not feel safe they cannot physically learn anything new or meet their cognitive milestones because they are to worrried and scared of what is going to happen.
      - 2. Exploring the outside world: The world and the community plays a huge role in a childs cognitvie development during Infancy because even at this young a child learns so much through going out walks in their community, during infancy a child learns through their senses and whilst going walks their is so much opportunity to use their senses through the smells of the air, the leafs, sticks and naturualistic objects even if a child is to young to physically pick up leafs, sticks and other things around them parets and caregivers can give them a leaf let them explore what it feels like whilst on walks with parents during infancy they see so much with their eyes traffic lights, cars, builders etc and all these things they see, touch,smell, hear helps them learn and develop for example whilst going frequent walks children at this age will start to remember what they last saw, heard and even get used to expecting to see this on their walks.
      - 3. Play: Play is an important part of the childhood development. Through play children learn about shapes, colors, cause and effect, and themselves. Besides cognitive thinking, play helps the child learn social and psychomotor skills. It is a way of communicating joy, fear , sorrow, and anxiety .
        Children gain knowledge through their play. They exercise their abilities to think, remember, and solve problems. They develop cognitively as they have a chance to test their beliefs about the world.
        Children increase their problem-solving abilities through games and puzzles. Children involved in make-believe play can stimulate several types of learning. Language is strengthened as the children model others and organize their thoughts to communicate. Children playing house create elaborate narratives concerning their roles and the nature of daily living.
        Children also increase their understanding of size, shape, and texture through play. They begin to understand relationships as they try to put a square object in a round opening or a large object in a small space. Books, videos, and educational toys that show pictures and matching words also increase a child's vocabulary while increasing the child's concept of the world.
        
        Solitary play is independent. The child plays alone with toys that are different from those chosen by other children in the area. Solitary play begins in infancy and is common in toddlers because of their limited social, cognitive, and physical skills. However, it is important for all age groups to have some time to play by themselves.
      - Stumulation: Brain growth is ignited and occurs when the senses are stimulated, During Infancy stimulation can improve your baby’s curiosity, attention span, memory, and nervous system development which all relates to cognitive development the development of the brain, gaining new skills and learning new things, In addition, babies who are stimulated reach developmental milestones faster, have better muscle coordination, and a more secure self image.
        
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  - - - 1.Singing: Singing during infancy can help children learn and develop words as they grow it also stimulates the neurons in the child's brain as they listen they also learn and if you sing certain songs to your child as part of your routine they remebr words and will even often remember songs.
        Parents should sing to their children every day to avoid language problems developing in later life Singing traditional lullabies and nursery rhymes to babies and infants before they learn to speak, is "an essential precursor to later educational success and emotional wellbeing", argues Blythe in a book. "Song is a special type of speech. Lullabies, songs and rhymes of every culture carry the 'signature' melodies and inflections of a mother tongue, preparing a child's ear, voice and brain for language." Blythe says in her book, The Genius of Natural Childhood, to be published by Hawthorn Press, that traditional songs aid a child's ability to think in words.
        "Music assists in the development of a child's speech," he said. "Singing nursery rhymes and simple songs teaches children how language is constructed and assists with the acquisition of language. Singing songs with your child will also teach them about tone, beat and rhythm. (Daniel Dwase, editor of the online Child Development Guide)
      - 2. Stories: Reading stories to children during infancy again relates to the childs abilty to remember the most common way children learn is through their senes and by listening a child learns new words and even can remember the words you say, a a child often uses words they have heard before when they learn to speak.
        Reading books aloud to children stimulates their imagination and expands their understanding of the world. It helps them develop language and listening skills and prepares them to understand the written word. ... Even after children learn to read by themselves,
        It is proven that if during infancy a child does not learn the ability to reach their lanuage milestones they may never be able to after a certain period of time your neurons die and if your lanuage milestones are not met or your lanuage needs have never been stimulated through communication,stories and books you may never learn an example of this is feral children.
      - 3. To be talked to: Children during infacy need to be talked to in order to develop lanuage skills in the future if a child gets spoken to on a regulary every basis it is proven that by the age of 24months the child would be more linguistcally development compared to children who were not regulary spoken to.
        Even though at a young age children cannot yet speak back and reply they will communicate in others ways such as facial expressions, babbling and blowing raspberries a child during infacny can also listen and start to pick up and remember words used on a regular basis.
        Researchers found that infants whose parents talked to them at a higher pitch and with elongated vowels had learned nearly three times more words by the age of two.
      - 4. Technology: People argue about weather or not technology is good from early years such as infancy but it is frequently becoming more and more common for children in early years groups such as private nursery, creche's and baby playgroups, that is because research has shown that technology can be good for a child's development if they are on a stimulating game, video or tv programme.
        Technology can be good from infancy because from a young age children are listening and remembering and even on relevisions their are now so many stumuliating tv programms such as BabyTV and cbeebies, programs like this are created with early years experts to help children learn through technology these programs can help languistic development because these programms can help children pick up on lanuage through repetitive speech copying or trying to say what the child can see or hear from the tv.
        Games are also more frequent on technogloy for children during infancy on app stores their are games that help cognitive development through speaking and learning about colours, numbers, maths technolgoy can help children learn through what they see and hear.
  - - - 1. At least one secure attachment or reltionship: During Infancy it is important that a child develops at least one secure attachment or reltionship with the parents or caregiver or anyone else this is such an important thing because if a child does not develop a secure bond it can then affect them emotionially make them not able to trust, make them anxious and it can then affect then later on in life when it comes to making new freinds or meeting new people.
      - 2. Working in partnership with private sector nursery's, creche's or playgroups: This can be a good influence on social development during infancy because if from birth you take your baby to baby groups it helps build social skills sooner even though at that age they cannot speak they can still communicate through faciel expressions and at that age even though they may all play on their own watching what the other children are doing help social skills because by watching and being intrested in what the other children are doing it helps make play with others in the future easier and allows the child to have less aniexty or fear.
        Playgroups, creches and private sector nursery's provide a stumulating enviorment if you may not have one at home or know how to provide one, they can also advice you on questions about your child's development and how to provide a stumulating enviorment at home, it helps build social skils and stimultes their brain to help them learn and meet their milestones of development, it can also be good for learning how to play with others, develop a sense of awareness of other children's feelings and learning how to be kind and share.
      - 3. anxiety and fear when meeting new people: During infancy meeting new people can be scary and even though children need to be aware of strangers some people they do need to know as it can be good for their development and socail skills later on in the future.
        During infancy a child will have a secure attachment with the primary care giver which is good for the child's development they also need to learn how to meet new people and how to trust if a child does have a secure attachment with the primary caregiver this can be good for learning how to trust, communicate and socially interact with others.
      - 4. How to attract attention from adults: During Infancy a child is just learning how to develop communuication skills and are just learning how to talk but from a young age children meet the social milestones of how to interact through other ways children during infancy need to meet these milestones in order to develop whcih is learning how to get attention from adults in other ways through facial expressions, crying, shrieking and blowing rasberries.
  - - - 1. Love and affection: During infancy a child needs love and affection in order to gain confidence and self-esteem this is important because if a child does not have any confidence or self-esteem it can affect them later on in life when it comes to nursery and education it can affect their social skills.
        Love and affection is also important because it makes the child feel safe and accepted if a child ia constantly showed love and attention with their primary care giver it can give the a secure attached which will make them feel safe and comforted in times when their are anxious or upset.
        Love and affection is needed also to help a child learn and development as if a child is not shown any love and affection during infancy they will not have the confidence to explore surroundings or play with others.
      - 2. Encouragement: During Infancy a child needs to be encouraged and believed in whilst learning and developing it can be difficult if the care giver does not believe and encourage the child because it makes it harder for the child to have confidence to explore and try new to develop new skills.
        during infancy children often forms opinions and expectations of themselves, deciding if they are important, are valued, and if they are capable. By the time children are three years old, they have developed a concrete way of viewing themselves with labels like “short or tall,” “boy or girl,” or “good or bad.” through encouragement children develop a postive self--worth and a confidence where they are able to try new opporunities snd learn new skills with confidence instead of fear and anxiety.
      - 3. Comforter: During Infancy child build new bonds and attachments with others but can also seek comfort and build an attachment for certain comforter's such as dummys, blankets,teddys and even toys these comforters help child's emotionial development because they can encourage new exprences and opporunties to explore without feeling scared or anxious and can also help when meeting new people.
        A comforter especially helps children if for example they are starting in a private nursery, as private sector nursery's have baby and toddler rooms and a comforter helps a child settle in with comfort and also may help get into a routine of being able to sleep at the nursery.
      - 4. Helped: During Infacy children need help as they are too young to do things for themself to care for themselves the primary care giver or parent will need to provide food, a nuturing safe enviorment, clothes change them, bath them as a child this young is far to young to change themselves.
        It is important parents help children to learn and develop by providing or doing things to help them learn and meet their developmental milestones parents should do things to keep children emotionially happy such as singing, talking, playing with them help the child meet their emotionial needs so that it does not affect their other developmental milestones
- - - - 1. Fresh Air: Fresh Air is a physical need because it is good for a child's health because getting outdoors can improve your child’s health and wellbeing as the fresh air is proven to clean their lungs.
        It is also said that playing outdoors helps physical health because it helps a child sleep better, gives the child more vitamin D, helping to prevent diabetes and obesetiy, helping make the child have less depression and hyperactivity, helps children have a longer attention span, less acting out at school or nursery due to less tv with violence. (http://blog.nwf.org/2010/01/parents-10-reasons-kids-need-fresh-air/ accessed 06/10/17)
        A study by Cambridge University scientists also suggests that every hour spent outdoors each week can reduce a child’s chance of becoming short-sighted by two per cent. (http://www.kumon.co.uk/blog/why-fresh-air-is-important-for-children/ Accessed 6/10/17)
      - 2. A balanced diet: During childhood children need a balanced healthy diet in order to grow and in order to keep them healthy not eating healthy can lead to problems in the future such as obesity, high blood pressure, chronic hunger and mulnutrition.
        If you child is eating unhealthy and food with loads of sugar it can also affect their teeth and destroy the innamal in children's teeth which in the future can lead to teeth falling out, teeth going brown or yellow.
        A healthy, balanced diet for children provides essential vitamins, minerals and other nutritional goodies that kids need for healthy growth and development. Vitamins and minerals are vital for our bodies to function properly and each one plays a specific role in the body. (https://cenovis.com.au/content-hub/importance-balanced-diet-children/ Accessed 06/10/17)
        Healthy eating is vital. If nutritional needs are been unmet because too many sugary and high-fat foods are replacing nutritious food, children may be unable to perform at age-appropriate levels. Children have a higher metabolic rate, requiring more caloric intake than adults, but it's vital that the calories they consume be nutritious.
      - 3. Sleep: During childhood sleep is important because during a child's sleep it helps promote the child's growth, is proven to help the heart, sleep protects us from illness and beats germs, sleep helps reduce risk of injury and sleep helps boost learning.
        "Growth hormone is primarily secreted during deep sleep," says Judith Owens, M.D., director of sleep medicine at Children's National Medical Center, in Washington, D.C., and a Parents advisor.
        Experts are learning more about how sleep protects kids from vascular damage due to circulating stress hormones and arterial wall -- damaging cholesterol. "Children with sleep disorders have excessive brain arousal during sleep, which can trigger the fight-or-flight response hundreds of times each night," says Jeffrey Durmer, M.D., Ph.D., a sleep specialist and researcher in Atlanta. "Their blood glucose and cortisol remain elevated at night. Both are linked to higher levels of diabetes, obesity, and even heart disease."
        During sleep, children also produce proteins known as cytokines, which the body relies on to fight infection, illness, and stress. (Besides battling illness, they also make us sleepy, which explains why having the flu or a cold feels so exhausting.
        Kids are clumsier and more impulsive when they don't get enough sleep, setting them up for accidents. One study of Chinese children found those who were short sleepers (i.e., fewer than nine hours per night for school-age children) were far more likely to have injuries that demanded medical attention.
        Sleep aids learning in kids of all ages, and education experts are finding that naps have a particular magic. Neuroscientists at the University of Massachusetts Amherst taught a group of 40 preschoolers a game similar to Memory.
        http://www.parents.com/health/healthy-happy-kids/why-your-kid-needs-sleep/
      - 4. Encouragement: During childhood children have by this point learned how to walk and as the child gets older physically they may start or get into certain sports and want to do this regulary, children who are trying new sports should be encouraged off parents and teachers told they can do it and are capable, if your child is not doing any sports or physical excerice you can encourage them to do so and try promote physicaly activity and excercise as it is good for the health, mind and growth of your child.
        During Childhood children are more able to do things for themselves it is good for a parent to encourage children to try dress themselves, brush their own hair, brush their teeth, learn how to use utensils, start to use scissors for children and paintbrushes, pencil, pens, crayons whilst doing creative activties, assemble simple puzzels, draw, stack objects up,as all this can encourage them to learn how to use their fine and gross motor skills.
        Parents can also get children to work on larger motor skills such as encourage them to walk with agility, good balance, and steady gait, encourage them to run at a comfortable speed in one direction and around obstacles, encourage them to, aim and throw a large ball or beanbag, or to catch one thrown to the child, encourage them to hop several times on each foot, encourage them to walk along and jump over a low object, could encourage them to bounce a large ball several times or kick a stationary ball and could encourage child to pedal and steer a tricycle.
        http://www.getreadytoread.org/early-learning-childhood-basics/early-childhood/understanding-physical-development-in-preschoolers
  - - - 1. Education or nursery: During childhood children need an education or nursery in addition to help them learn and develop in a stumilating save enviorment education is important for children who are escpially not getting the stimulation at home.
        The 2017 National Improvement Framework and Improvement Plan for Scottish Education is designed to help us deliver the twin aims of excellence and equity in education - ensuring children and young people develop a broad range of skills and capacities, whilst supporting them to thrive, regardless of their social circumstances or additional needs.
        The Children and Young People (Scotland) Act 2014 introduced new early learning and childcare entitlements to replace the funded 12.5 hours/ week during term time of pre-school education for 3 and 4 year olds. Early learning and childcare is education and care for young children delivered in a caring and nurturing setting. It's being implemented by local authorities, in consultation with local communities.
        Free places are also available to some families with two-year-olds if their parent or carer receives one of the following benefits which are parents on income support, job seekers allowance, employment and support allowance, incapacity or sevre disablement allowance and state pension credit.
        The free childcare 2 to 4 year olds get is good for the children in scotland because nursery provides a stimulating enviorment where they can learn and develop.
        Children in scotland get free education in primary and secondary education as well and all schooling in scotland follow the curriculum for excellence.
        The Curriculum for Excellence is intended to help children and young people gain the knowledge, skills and attributes needed for life in the 21st century, including skills for learning, life and work.
        It is purpose is often summed up as helping children and young people to become, Successful learners, Confident individuals, Responsible citizens and Effective contributors.
        There are eight curriculum area are Expressive arts, Health and wellbeing, Languages (including English, Gaidhlig, Gaelic learners and modern languages), Mathematics, Religious and moral education, Sciences and Social studies Technologies.
      - 2. Ask questions: Parents should ask questions that promote their development or go through songs and ask questions that will promote their development such as ask what noises and sounds they have heard today or ask questions such as whats that sound you can hear parents can also promote their childs cognitive skills by going through numbers,colours and the alphebet with their children during childhood as at this age they are learning all this and going through them at home with their parents or whoever they have a bond with can help their confidence by encouraging these not only at school but at home.
        By asking questions on a reglar basis a parent is helping their child learn about how their enviorment works and also helping them learn how to problem solve.
        It is also important for the child to ask questions in order to learn When your child asks a question, they are taking an active role in their own learning. they are trying to figure out how her world works by seeking information. As your child asks questions, they are developing critical thinking skills that build brain power.
        Asking questions is also an important form of communication. Your child is seeking out a knowledgeable person—you, another child, a family member or caregiver—and requesting information that he needs or wants.
      - 3. Visting intresting places: Their are places during the ages of childhood that can help your child's cognitive development so much places that help explore the enviorment, stimulate the mind and promote cognitive development.
        Take trips to your local children’s museum, library or farmer’s market to stimulate your child's curiosity and provide them with “hand on” experiences. Ask your child questions while you explore and listen to his responses and reactions. These adventures can provide a learning experience for both of you.
        A child can benefit from going anywhere even just a walk around a local nature park or to the shops whilst you are out you can promote cognitive development by allowing your child to explore the woods touch leaves and wood or even speak about people you see whilst out or things such as traffic lights, lollipop men or women, builders and speak about for example buses and bus drivers or even if you see an ambluence drive by or police car or vans.
      - 4. Offer choices: During childhood and child can now speak and have learned how to use their words or speak in a way that close family can understand well so they can now tell you what they want and what they like, at this age children are becoming more independent and learning how to communicate with others but it is also important to offer children choice.
        When you can, offer your child choices: “Would you like to wear the brown shorts or the blue shorts?” or “Would you like string cheese or yogurt with your lunch?” This will help your child to feel more independent and learn to make confident decisions that affect his day.
        Even though it is good for your child cognitive development to offer them choice because it helps them learn new skills, too many choices will overwhelm children and complicate the situation.
        Offering children the option to choose from among acceptable choices allows them healthy room to assert themselves and their unique personalities, while still constraining them to be obedient.
  - - - 1. Basic Conversation: At this age children can now speak for themselves or speak in a way that close family understand at this age it is important to promote basic conversations with your child.
        Having basic conversations with your child helps their lanuage development because the more you speak the more the child listens and takes in during childhood a child can now have a basic conversation but it is important not to make the conversations to complex or hard for the child.
        through basic conversation a child can learn and remember what you have said which then helps them say things correct eventually in the future and most of the words a child picks up on is from some where they have heard before as they remember it is called repeatitive speech as well as children often repeat what you say back.
      - 2. Reading: During infancy a child cannot yet read books themselves but during childhood your child may be able to read books themselves if they are over the age of 5 parents van promote lanauage development by asking the child to read books themself.
        Books are great for having a shared focus and for learning new words. Books can also play a key part in developing early speech and literacy skills. There are many ways to use books and the pictures to focus on language. You can focus on books with symbolic sounds for early speech or storybooks to focus on language. Books are a great way to work on lots of skills and children love them. Look at the books together, name the pictures, ask questions, and talk about the story.
      - 3. Be a good role modal: during infancy and even childhood children use repeatitive speech and most of the words children say or learn have come from people around them or maybe even from thne television at home it is important to make sure children are learning proper words and proper english and not slang.
        An important aspect of learning speech is listening. A child learns new sounds and words by listening to those around him. This is why it is important to provide good speech for your child to listen to. Say words clearly and slowly and use plenty of intonation. If your child attempts a word and it is not pronounced correctly, praise him/her for trying. Do not try and get your child to repeat the word or correct it. Repeat the word back yourself to show you have understood and to give your child a good version of the word.
        A parent can be a good role modalfor example example if your child says: “baby hurt,” you say “put a Band-Aid on it.” Model words for your child, especially for their wants and needs.
        Modeling helps the child increase their understanding and use of words. Try to pair the words you say with a visual cue such as a picture or actual object. Speak slowly; use clear, simple and consistent speech. Speaking slowly will make it easier for your child to understand what you said to him/her. Make sure to provide pauses/time for the child to respond to what you are saying.
      - 4.Adding lanuage in not forcing it out: Adding lanuage is good during childhood because it helps them learn how to speak properly and use more complex setences in the future it helps them learn through listening.
        Expand what the child says; if the child says “car,” you say “blue car.” Generally, add one or two words to what the child has said to you, i.e. “baby” and you say “baby sleep” or “baby eat cookie.”because this is also good for a children's lanuage develop for using more words in the future.
        you can comment and expand on your child’s words and sentences, rather than asking them to repeat words. If your child says “car”, respond with “big car” or “yellow car” or “fast car”. This is how children learn words, by hearing new vocabulary and linking it to the items or events they are focussing on.
  - - - 1. Learn how to have empathy: Children during childhood by this point will have developed a sense of empathy for when others around them are sad or upset and may try comfort other children they see by giving them a hug or even just asking whats wrong. Developing a sense of empathy is part of the social development milestones that help develop reltionships and freindships later on in life.
        A parent can encourage their child develop a sense of empathy by Teach words about feelings and emotions. Together create faces in a mirror or on flannel board and talk about how the expressions make the children feel-happy, mad, sad.
        Display pictures depicting various emotions and empathic scenes. Use a camera to capture thoughtful interactions in your classroom, then mount the pictures and label them with the children's names and the helpful actions they're engaged in. Keep dialogue open. Ask a child who is distressed what would make him feel better. Encourage other children to help assist with his suggestions, if possible. Ask open-ended questions to help encourage empathy. By asking, "How can we help Dennis feel better about his broken toy tractor?" children will brainstorm meaningful ways to show kindness. Be a kind and empathic role model. Demonstrate nonverbal and verbal strategies while working with needy children. Initiate caring gestures-a hug, a soothing back rub, holding or patting a hand. Use a soft, calming voice as you let a child know you understand how she feels.
        Whilst in nursery or education teachers and practioners may encourage children to show empathy by saying look your freind in the nursery is sad will you give them a cuddle or telling children to be nice and teaching them we are all freinds be nice to your freinds.
      - 2. Learning how to share: Sharing is a vital life skill. It’s something toddlers and children need to learn to make and keep friends and play cooperatively.
        Children need to learn how to share to make freinds when they oin nursery as if they do not they may never meet that social skill and may not make freinds.
        As a parent you know that the ability to share a favorite toy or time with a favorite person can be a major accomplishment for your preschooler. In order to share, your child needs to understand that others have needs and wants too to encourage children to share we can try demonstrate sharing ourselves or try help them achknowledge sharing.
      - 3. Developing a sense of real freinds: During childhood your child will have now choosen their real freinds or freinds they want to play with and do not want to play.
        Once they're in preschool, children can find a buddy without much encouragement from you. It may be another child who has a similar interest or laughs at the same things he does, or it could be someone with a totally opposite personality. It's hard to predict which of these early relationships will last longer than a school year, but the chances are better with support from both sets of parents. An enjoyable outing with that child's whole family can strengthen the bond even more.
        children generally have from one – ten “important” friends at a time, with an average of about five. And not all of these friendships will last, even when the parents are best friends.
        It is a big developmental step to move from playing with one friend to playing with two friends at the same time. Often, there’s an odd person out, so like the uneven legs of a stool, a trio sometimes tips over into conflict and disappointment. Therefore, some kids do very well in trios, but others prefer to be one-on-one or in larger groups.
      - 4. Will begin to relay more on freindship than family: During childhood your child will have begin to devlop social skills in nursery through play.
        In nursery your child will develop a sense of Onlooker play – Onlooker play is when a child observes others playing but does not join the play. They will frequently engage in other forms of social interactions such as conversations to learn more about the game or play that is going on. This type of play is common in younger children between the ages of 2½ and 3½, but can take place at any age.
        then will develop a sense of Parallel play – This occurs when children play side-by-side from one another, but there is a lack of group involvement amongst them. They will typically be playing with similar toys and often times mimic one another. Parallel play is common in toddlers between the ages of 2 ½ and 3 ½ but can take place at any age. Although it looks like there is very little contact between them, these children are learning valuable social skills and actually learn quite a lot from one another. For this reason, parallel play is important as a transitory stage for the development of social maturity, which is key to later stages of play.
        then will develop a sense of Associative play – At this stage, children will begin to play together, but not focused towards a common goal. A child will be more interested in playing with other children around them than the individual toys they play with. Associative play is slightly different than parallel play as children may continue to play separately from one another, but they start to become more involved in what others around them are doing. You may find children playing or trading with the same toys or actively talking with or engaging one another, but no rules of play are being set. This type of play typically begins around ages 3 or 4, extending into the pre-school age. This is an important stage of play because it develops necessary skills such as cooperation, problems solving, and language development.
        Cooperative play – Cooperative play is where play finally becomes organized into groups and teamwork is seen. Children are now interested in both the people that they are playing with as well as the activity at hand. The group is more formalized with a leader, as well as other assigned roles, and play organizes around accomplishing group goals or specific tasks. Cooperative play begins in the late preschool period, between the ages of 4 and 6. It is uncommon to see children reach this stage until these later years, as it requires an evolved set of organizational skills and a higher degree of social maturity. Cooperative play is indeed the culmination, bringing together all the skills learned across previous stages into action, giving the child the necessary skills for social and group interactions.
        
        During childhood your child will have by this age developed their own indepence and will be less intresting in family time.
        as Children get older between 6 and 10 once developed a sense of independence and wanting their independence will want to go out more, want to stay at a freinds house and want to spend alot less time indoors with family.
        http://gemschicagoearlyyears.com/six-stages-of-play-how-young-children-develop-their-social-skills/
  - - - 1. Praise: During childhood children are more indepent and are completing more creative pictures or writing on their own at this age it is important to praise your child for their work. pictures and achivements as it helps them develop a positive sense of self-worth, confidence and self esteem and also encourages them to believe in themselves for any future expierences.
        Praising and rewarding children for their achievements are often used to increase children's motivation. Praise is more effective when it is specific and when parents and carers are mindful of how and when they praise. When praising children, it is most important to focus on their efforts and achievements. Praise that is specific and acknowledges the processes of completing an activity or solving a problem helps develop children's learning and motivation. Examples of specific praise are: "You put away your toys so nicely"; or ''You've used so many bright colours in your painting".
      - 2. Support: During childhood children are now at nursery and school and require support to help them learn giving your child support can help their emotionial needs as well as cognitive needs as it helps the child bond with the parent if they are supporting their learning through play, doing homework with them and spending time to visit nurturing enviorments.
        you can support your child's emotionial needs by recalling and sharing what your child has learned at school or nursery, the child will build on that knowledge while boosting his confidence and self-esteem.
      - 3. Love and affection: Children need love and affection to reach their other developmental milestones and learn children who are showed love and affection will have less fear and anxiety when meeting new people or trying to make new freinds, it will give them a sense of confidence that thay can make freinds.
        If the child has love from parental figures, they may be more protected from the impact of the abuse on adult biological risk for health problems than those who don't have that loving adult in their life,” said Judieth E. Carroll, lead author of the study, in a press release.
      - 4. Providing a safe enviorment: During childhood it is important to give your child a safe living enviorment because at this age a child is in education and trying to learn and a child who is living in an unsafe enviorment will not be able to learn properly as they will constantly be worrying about whats going to happen whe they get home.
        One of the first and main environment, your child will experience is the one at home. Since her birth, the emotional environment she sees and feels around her will shape her personality.
        The bond your child shares with you will help her understand and learn how to express her love and fears, it will teach her how to interact with those who are close to her. A sentimental connect with you during the early years will help her feel confident and secure.
        A stable and loving relationship will nurture your child’s personality. She will feel important and valued. Make sure you spend enough time showing her that you love her. Hold her hands and be there for her always.
- - - - 1. Hygiene: During Adoloscene it is important to make sure yoyr hygieneic because it can lead to illness and affect your health and also affect your emtionial and social development.
        Everyday personal hygiene is basically about washing your hands, covering your mouth when you cough and keeping clean. But there’s also a social side to dealing with personal things like body odour, smelly feet and bad breath.
        Keeping clean is an important part of staying healthy. For example, the simple act of washing hands before eating and after using the toilet is a proven and effective tool for fighting off germs and avoiding sickness.
        http://raisingchildren.net.au/articles/hygiene.html
      - 2. Shelter: Shelter is important for physical health and is a basic need for survivioral people who do not have shelter are more prone to illness and dieses.
        A shelter can protect you from the sun, insects, wind, rain, snow, hot or cold temperatures and enemy observation. It can give you a feeling of well-being. It can help you maintain your will to survive, In some areas, your need for shelter may take precedence over your need for food and possibly even your need for water.
        Human beings need shelter for protection against natural threats, such as extreme weather and dangerous creatures, and even as security against other human beings.
      - 3. A balanced diet: During adolescence it is important to have a balanced diet and this age they are alot more independent and can often begin to eat what they want as their parents will not always be their to make sure they are eating properly, healthy eating is important so you do not end up with bigger health risks in the future.
        Eating healthily doesn't have to mean giving up your favourite foods. It simply means eating a variety of foods and cutting down on food and drinks high in fat and sugar, such as sugary fizzy drinks, crisps, cakes and chocolate. These foods should be eaten less often and in smaller amounts.
        Eating healthy is an important part of a healthy lifestyle and is something that should be taught at a young age. The following are some general guidelines for helping your adolescent eat healthy. It is important to discuss your adolescent's diet with his or her health care provider before making any dietary changes or placing your adolescent on a diet.
      - 4. Excercise: It is important to excersise regularlary during adolescence as it keeps their body healthy and prevents illness and health problems and stops obesity.
        Exercise is an important part of keeping adolescents healthy. Encouraging healthy lifestyles in children and adolescents is important for when they grow older. Lifestyles that are learned in childhood are more likely to stay with the child into adulthood. Some changes in lifestyle can be harder to make as a person ages. The best way to promote healthy lifestyles is for the whole family to become involved.
        Excerise can help Improves blood circulation throughout the body, can Keeps weight under control, help Improves blood cholesterol levels, can help prevent and manage high blood pressure, prevents bone loss, boosts energy level, Releases tension, Improves the ability to fall asleep quickly and sleep well, Improves self-image, helps manage stress, fights anxiety and depression, Increases enthusiasm and optimism and can Increases muscle strength.
  - - - 1. Develop the ability to think abstractly: During adoloescene you develop the need and ability to think abstractictly this mean adolescents move from being concrete thinkers, who think of things that they have direct contact with or knowledge about, to abstract thinkers, who can imagine things not seen or experienced. This allows adolescents to have the capacity to love, think about spirituality, and participate in more advanced mathematics. Youth who remain at the level of a concrete thinker focus largely on physically present or real objects in problem solving.
        From the concrete,black-and-white thinkers they appear to be one day,rather suddenly it seems, adolescents become able to think abstractly and in shades of gray. They are now able to analyze situations logically in terms of cause and effect and to entertain hypothetical situations and use symbols, such as in metaphors, imaginatively (Piaget, 1950).
      - 2.More advanced reasoning skills: During adolscence you will have developed more advanced reasoning skills you need to do this in order to learn how to get through life maturely this can also mean you can put yourself in someone else's sitautation and feel empathy.
        adolescents develop more advanced reasoning skills, including the ability to explore a full range of possibilities inherent in a situation, think hypothetically (contrary-fact situations), and use a logical thought process.
      - 3. Complex thinking: During Adoloscence you are alot more independed and depend on your family alot less compared to during childhood or infancy by this point they can make their own choices and decisions even if it is a complex choice or decision to make.
        **During adolosecene they Use more complex thinking focused on personal decision-making in education and at home.
        A child in middle adolescence has some experience in using more complex thinking processes.
        A child in late adolescence uses complex thinking to focus on less self-centered concepts and personal decision-making**
        Some adolescents may be able to apply logical operations to school work long before they are able to apply them to personal dilemmas. When emotional issues arise, they often interfere with an adolescent's ability to think in more complex ways. The ability to consider possibilities, as well as facts, may influence decision-making, in either positive or negative ways.
      - 4. The ability to use common sense or logically sense: During infany and childhood children have not yet developed the ability to use common sense or logic and it is influenced by parents or through teachers the ability to use common sense and logic and know what it is, is a learning process.
        Common sense is a practical view and approach to ourselves, to other people, and to all aspects of living. It is how we deal with issues and problems, how we manage our own thoughts, our beliefs, our attitudes and how we cope with other people.
  - - - 1. Change topic in conversation: During adoloescene by this point your child will have learned how to change the topic of conversation so if your child does not want to speak about something anymore or they are bored of the conversation they will change it themselves or often will have learned how to innterupt and change the subject.
        This is a lanuage milestone that children will not meet during infancy and is a learning process as by adoloescene you know more words and setances it is easier to change topic of conversation.
      - 2. When they have not understood something they will ask again or ask you to repeat: During adoloscene children will have learned from education it is alright to be wrong and to ask for the question again at this age they will have developed confidence in asking someone to repeat the question or not being scared to admit they do not understand.
        Asking questions helps learn and development by making sure they understand what they are being taught they are trying to make sense of it so they can understand and remember this is part of the learning process.
      - 3. Education and handwriting: During adoloscene a child's handwriting will have improved dramtically by this point handwriting will be readable and alot neater and imrpoved since childhood.
        handwriting is a basic tool used in many subjects in education —taking notes, taking tests, and doing classroom work and homework for almost every content area as well as in language arts classes — poor handwriting can have a pervasive effect on school performance.
        Through learning english at secondary school and learning how to write during childhood your child will have developed lanuage skills from reading and writing in education.
      - 4. Follow complicated intrustions: During infancy and childhood children cannot follow complex intrustions and can only really follow one intrustion at a time other wise they will get confused, but as a child gets older during adolescence they begin to know how to follow more complex and complicated intrustions meaning by this point they will have the ability to follow more than one instrution at a time this is part of their lanuage development as it is a milestone that helps them listen carefully and then by listening being able to follow children learn through listening.
  - - - 1. Develop an understanding of slang words: A lanuage development milestone during adolescene is to learn to develop an understanding of slang words by this age they will most likley use slang words whilst speaking to freinds and be picking up more slang from either their freinds or social media.
        If your child is between ten and 15 you can try limit the ammount of time the child spends on social edia so the child is not picking up slang words from their but if they are slightly older they will have developed an indepence and be old enough to make their own choices and decisions.
        To help your child you could enforce the child to speak properly in the house when with family.
        
        2. Learned how to speak diffrently to freind compared to family and teachers: During adoloscenece a child will have developed a sense of how to act when around parents and learn how to act around freinds and by this age they will act totally diffrent when around friends compared to with parents.
        When your child is with their freinds they may speak more slang or use bad lanuage but when they are around you they may speak formal amd proper.
        
        3. Have a secure freindship group: During adoloscene by this point they will have meet the milstone of knowing who they want to hang around with and who they do not, the will have a certain freinds group they stick to.
        Having these freindships are good for their social development becauste they have a secure group of freinds and bonds with them that will then help them meet their other developmental aspects.
        
        4. Communicating in diffrent ways: During Adolesence at this point your child will have started to communicate in diffrent ways such as through mobile phones and social media, social media can be a good way to learn new things through videos and good for communicating and socialising with freinds but social media can also be dangerous it is important you speak to your child about internet safety and if you can try limit the time they spend on their mobiles.
  - - - 1. Sexual Identity: During adoleoscence adults often develop their sense of indentity in terms of personilities amd also sexual this mean by this point in their life they know if they like same sex or diffrent sex in terms of an intitmate and emotionial reltionship or connect.
        This is an important part of life because it is your child actually relising who they are and coming to terms with their whole intentity.
      - 2. Mental and emotionial health: During adolscene is when their may be a mental or emotionial health problem as their is an increase in mental and emotionial health it is important to support the child,teen or adult going through a hard time.
        Having good emotional access and the ability to talk about feelings is really important in adolescence when periods of emotional duress are just part of the normal teenage passage. Consider some common emotional hard times such as:
        - Depression: spells of sadness over loss, over discouragement from disappointment.
        - Loneliness: spells of feeling cut off, disconnected, not understood, and alone.
        - Self-rejection: spells of not liking/valuing the person one is becoming, troubled by a negative self-image.
        - Anxiety: spells of acute worry about adequately coping with challenges at hand and in the future.
        - Stress: spells of feeling overwhelmed and overwrought by too many demands.
        - Aggression: spells of fighting to gain control over what is happening, often as an expression of frustration.
        https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/surviving-your-childs-adolescence/201007/adolescence-and-emotion
      - 3. reltionships: During Adoloscence your child will start to think more about emtionial connections and romatical reltionship during these ages they may have their first crush and even have their first date.
        Having a romantic reltionship helps emotionial development because it helps develop trust, confidence, slef-esteem and happiness.
      - 4. Emotionial Insensitive: During adoloescence at this point them may become emtionially insenstive meaning they may be more moody and upset they also may seem like a little bit of a closed book meaning they may not want to share or speak about whats wrong they may get offended more easily.
        The emotionally sensitive adolescent can be recognized by some
        of the following behaviors. Some adolescents tend to manifest a 'clinging' type of behavior. They seek out inordinate amounts of teacher, and parental attention and are seen as dependent by
        coaches and adults.
        There is also a tendency to withdraw, particularly after they
        have been chastized or criticized by adult figures.