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Behavior Ecology (Cost/Benefits (selection favors the behaviors whose…

- - - - High cost of reproductuin
      - cannot increase reproductive output by mating w/ multiple males
      - more selective, rarely fighting over males, and often reject courting males
      - Reproductive success depends more on mate gene quality, resources he controls, and help in offspring care
    - - Energetically cheap sperm
      - Male fitness increases with the number of females he inseminates
      - fight over females, initiate courtship, and rarely reject females
- - - - Food
      - Reduced predation
      - Mating access
      - Assistance raising young
      - Inclusive fitness
    - - Food competition
      - Increased risk of disease and transmision of parasites