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Chapter 4 A Polycentric World (The Western Hemisphere: Mesoamerica and…

- - - - Oracle bones were inscribed with the first examples of writing to predict the future
      - Bones confirmed details of the Dynasties and communication with the Gods.
    - - Xia dynasty is not well known due to lack of surviving artifacts.
      - Through the Mandate of heaven, Kings could easily establish power and control politics, religious ceremonies, war, and innovations.
      - The King was also in charge of regulating the waters if the Yellow River.
      - Xia dynasty used human organization to further develop the dynasty through, armies, architecture, administration and art.
    - - The dynasties had walled cities, and trade networks.
      - Women possibly wielded power in early dynasties.
  - - - The Shang Dynasty's capitals included Luoyang, Zhengzhou, and Anyang.
      - Occupations became hereditary in the early Chinese society.
    - - Anyang was the most powerful capital of the Shang Dynasty and was a site networking center.
      - The Shang were highly skilled with bronze work.
    - - The Book of Documents documents the fall of Shang with the biased viewpoint of the Zhou.
      - The Mandate of Heaven for centuries altered their perspective on Leadership.
      - Due to the development of writing, historians know most about the Zhou Dynasty.
      - The Mandate of Heaven was rarely channeled as it would lead to agreements and chaos
      - Zhou developed infantry and cavilary troops to change warfare.
      - The Zhou were unstable as the power was left in local hands rather than the ruler.
      - Shang Dynasty fell to Zhou in 1122 B.C.E.
- - - - The Olmec built sculptures, platforms, shrines, settlements, and developed rudimentary hieroglyphs.
      - Olmec people from La Venta built a small island in a swamp until it was destroyed and its monuments defaced for unknown reasons.
      - Olmec society developed c1,500 B.C.E. and was the earliest civilization in Mesoamerica.
    - - Zapotec and Olmec were two different civilizations that did frequent trading with each other.
      - Zapotecs didn't live all in one city but spread out in a 15 mile region.
- - - - Most Mayan states had 30,000-50,000 people.
      - Mayans also created a calendar system to record agricultural activity and historic events for the rulers.
      - Tikal was a religious center as shown by the remaining pyramid built from 300-800 C.E.
    - - Mayans delined in the lowlands possibly due to population pressure on the environment, climate change, and/or excessive warfare.
      - Mayan cities were destroyed due to civil wars including their capital Mayapan.
      - Only small Mayan towns existed by 1517.
  - - - The Moche were from Peru and developed irrigation systems, monuments, and tombs for lords and other high-ranking officials.
    - - The Chimu took the land after the Moche left and created the hugely impressive Chimu capital of Chin Chan.
      - Chimu artwork and culture spread after they were conquered by the Incas in 1470 C.E.
  - - - The Chavin worshiped many gods and was build with help from village groups and family.
    - - Tiwanaku was a thriving city and the Huari and Nazca picked up the practices after the society collapsed.
    - - The Inca Empire's capital Cuzco was built with manual labor and workers journeyed over narrow unpaved roads while doing so.
      - Cusi Yupanqui was crowned "Inca" ,which coined the name, and developed a hierarchy system, and an abacus based number system.
      - Inca created administration centers, marketplace and trading system, a polytheistic religion, and art through the use of the organization.