it promoted changes in the form of the late 20th C. Soja 1995 characterised this in terms of 6 geographies of restructuring. 1. Restructuring of the economic base of urbanisation, shift from fordist o post-fordist urbanisation, from mass production and consumption around large industrial complexes to more flexible production systems. 2. formulation of a global system of world cities- expanding the outreach of world cities, bringing the globe closer, the local becoming globalised and the global localised, globalisation. 3. radical restructuring of urban form- city is simultaneously being turned inside out and outside in, urbanisation of suburbia, also significant reductions in density and the gentrification of former working class neighbourhoods and emergence of megacities. 4. changing social structure of urbanism- post modern urbanism- develop. new patterns of social fragmentation, segregation and polarisation, growign gap between rich and poor, economic structure if fluid and fragmented, Rise of carceral city- armed guards, electronic surveillance, the gated city, smart office buildings, neighbourhood watch schemes