Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Why might regeneration be needed? :derelict_house_building: (What makes a…

- - - - Average house price: $1m
        
        Average household income $89,000
        
        41% higher than USA average
        
        Indiv. wages 16% higher than US avg.
      - 2.5x more working in STEMM sector than USA avg.
      - Original "Silicon Valley"
        
        .
        
        ^ Companies in tech sector
        
        Ebay
        
        HP
        
        Attracts ^ skilled graduates = ^ wages
        
        ^ in STEM sector
        
        Dot-com
        
        Google
        
        Twitter
        
        Apple
        
        Adobe
      - Annual GDP of $180 billion (same as Czech Republic)
    - - 20% of total immigration = into California
      - Population grew by 400,000 in past 25 years
      - 2nd most densely populated city in the USA. 8.7 billion pop.
    - - 46% SanFran pop. possess bachelor's degree. 28% USA pop. possess bachelor's degree.
      - 4.8% Unemployed SanFran. 5.7% Unemployed USA.
  - - - More Jobs, higher purchasing power.
        
        ^ Pool of trained labour
        
        ^ Demand for services
        
        ^ Population = ^ local wealth
        
        Spending ^, improved tax revenue + ^ customer base.
        
        Tertiary sector ^ = new construction work
        
        1 more item...
  - - - Factors
        
        High variety of jobs
        
        = Skills shortages in secondary + tertiary industry e.g. building + caring
        
        = Two-tier economy
        
        One group of workers earns more than another.
        
        Lower-paid jobs out-priced by ^ property prices.
        
        1 more item...
        
        To solve this: investment in training or recruitment from overseas + build affordable housing.
        
        Thriving economy = attracts businesses
        
        High quality of life + Low levels of deprivation
        
        Good provision of services + competitive property market
        
        Usually have skills shortages due to ^ number of quaternary + quinary residents
        
        Attracts high levels of inward-migration
        
        Success = usually due to market forces / GOV-led regen.
    - - Equitable regions
        
        All residents particip. in economic vitality
        
        Ready for future - Skilled workforce + healthy pop
        
        Connected - opportunities in and out of region. Particip in political processes + diverse range o' residents.
        
        ^ qual jobs to residents. New businesses, ideas + products so region remains competitive and sustainable
  - - - High earner views VS long term unemployed views - urban
      - Young views VS retired views - rural
- - - - Different political slants
        
        Guardian (sympathetic towards minorities) VS Daily Mail (sensationalist) VS Telegraph (right-wingeconomically focussed)
    - - Media e.g. blogs, documentaries + art can give sense of place of an area.
  - - - Empire State of Mind - Alicia Keys
      - Humans of New York, Stanton Photography
      - How I Met Your Mother, sitcom
      - Gossip Girl, TV series
- - - - Continuous decline since 1950's
      - White flight
        
        Urban donut
        
        80% pop = black
      - Impacts of a place becoming unsuccessful
        
        Less...
        
        Trust in police + politicians
        
        Social + civil parcipitation
        
        Educational attainment. 54% illiterate
        
        Social mobility
        
        Attachment to place
        
        More...
        
        ^ Racial tension. Segregation of socio-economic groups
        
        1967 riots = 43 dead, 5 days long, $40mill damage
        
        Crime. Highest murder + violence rate of USA. 45 murders / 100,000 people.
        
        Health issues. Little wealth, access or choice of lifestyle.
        
        Infant mortality. 16 deaths / 100,000 live births
        
        Death. Avg. life expectancy 4 years less than US average
        
        Debt. 2013 bankrupt with $19+ bill debt
        
        Derelict + abandoned buildings. 70,000 abandoned buildings. 31,000 abandoned houses.
        
        Unemployment = 23.1%
      - Cause of decline
        
        Chrysler, GM + Ford close down and leave Detroit
        
        Low wages southern US = relocation of car + steel.
        
        Loss of jobs, people + tax revenues = further losses, less spending for council + greater decline.
        
        80,000 lost Michigan, 90,000 gained in Alabama, Texas, Tennessee + Virginia.
        
        Population dropped 63% since 1960
  - - - Issues
        
        Local resident income decreased = unable to leave.
        
        Spiral of decline
      - Priorities for improving success
        
        Protect + enhance sports facilities e.g. Middlesbrough College
        
        Build 11,500 new homes in Grove Hill (sink estate)
        
        Regenerate Middlehaven - 1500 new jobs, 100 new homes, new police HQ + office developments. X "Piecemeal."
      - Causes of decline
        
        SSI Steelworks closed in 2015
        
        Originally iron + steel + ship building. Deindustrialisation. + Cheap steel from China. + outsourcing + offshoring
        
        Mechanisation ^ unemployment
      - Evidence that Middlesbrough is unsuccessful
        
        20,000 left since 1990
        
        79.8 life expectancy for girls
        
        Contains 17% of all 18-year-olds not in education
        
        Only 67% girls 5 GCSEs A*-C
        
        30% working-age households = no-one in employment
        
        13% Unemployment - 2x national average
        
        House prices 1/2 of national average
        
        1/2 pupils pupils attend high-schools that "require improvement"
        
        Violent crime 1/6 of all crime.
  - - - Redundant workforce
        
        Less money to spend
        
        Degradation of environment + buildings.
      - Long-term unemployment
        
        Out-migration of skilled
- - - - v in political engagement, espec. 18 - 24 yrs (IPSOS Mori)
      - NAT election turnout
        
        fell from 78% in 1992 to 59% in 2001
      - 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿 Scotland ^ certainty to vote + ^ interest & knowledge of politics than UK --> Scotland = lower satisfaction.
      - ^ in violent political extremism
        
        English Defence League (EDL) -- violent Islamophobic protests
        
        Only UKIP MP is in Clacton - 4% EM compared to NAT avg. 13%
  - - - However, those experiencing ^ social deprivation = most politically excluded (Electoral Commission)
      - Deprivation = political exclusion ∞
    - - Bolton - Amir Khan 2012 Olympics
    - - Online campaigning - social media + petition websites against socio-political & environmental issues
        
        e.g. All Out - ^ support for LGBTQ+ human rights globally.
        
        e.g. Change.org
  - - - Illegal Landlords sublet flats unsafely
    - - Causes
        
        Urban deprivation
        
        Alienated + disaffected youth
        
        ^ Youth unemployment
        
        GOV cutbacks to Education Maintenance Allowance (EMA)
        
        ^ Uni fees
        
        Bankers paid ^ bonuses
        
        Police stop & search tactics
        
        Black community feels over-policed and under-protected
        
        Death of Mark Duggan sparked riots