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Consequences of the Increasing Demand for Energy :zap: (Energy Security…

- - - - Key aspects:
        
        Accessibility
        
        Tech + tools readily available for extraction. Physical + Economic Barriers.
        
        Domestic Availability
        
        (rather than imported)
        
        Affordability
        
        Competitively priced supply
        
        Reliability
        
        Reliance on other countries weakens national security + exposes country to economic instability.
        
        Uninterrupted supply
        
        Climate
        
        Environmental Priorities
    - - Lights settlements
      - Commercial agriculture
      - Temperature control, homes.
      - Powers manufacturing industries
      - Communications
      - Transport
    - - Per capita
        
        kg of oil equiv. / or mwh per person.
        
        Energy consumption per capita ^ as economic development increases.
        
        Factors affecting PC energy consumption
        
        Cost
        
        Climate
        
        Availability
        
        Technology
        
        Ec. Development
        
        Public perception
        
        Standard of living
        
        Environmental priorities
      - Energy intensity
        
        calc. units of energy used per unit of GDP.
        
        Fewer units o' energy = more efficient the use of energy is.
        
        How efficiently country uses its energy
  - - - Source
        
        Domestic
        
        Foreign
      - Energy type
        
        Primary
        
        Energy from nature - not transformed or converted.
        
        Renewable
        
        Water, wind, solar, geothermal, tidal and biomass
        
        Non-Renewable
        
        Coal, oil, gas, uranium
        
        Secondary
        
        Derived from conversion or transformation of primary energy
        
        Electricity and fuel
      - Combination of energy sources available to meet energy demands of a country.
  - - - TNCs
        
        GAZPROM
        
        Aims
        
        Member country interests
        
        Stab. oil prices
        
        Ens. efficient + consistent oil supply
        
        1/2 largest oil + gas TNCs state owned e.g. Sinopec
      - OPEC
        
        12 member countries. Control over prices. Accused of limiting production to drive up prices.
        
        78% of world's oil reserve. Produces 45% crude oil, 15% nat gas.
      - Energy companies
        
        Influence over consumer prices + tariffs
        
        Exxon Mobile
        
        SHELL
      - Consumers
        
        Transport, industry + domestic users. Little control over energy prices
      - GOVs + IGOs
        
        Guardians of NAT energy security -- influence source of energy for geopolitical reasons
        
        UK GOV + Paris Climate Agreement
    - - Importance of oil
      - Monopoly positions
      - Geopolitical games e.g. nationalisation of oil production in Venezuela
      - Renewable energy sources
  - - - Developed in sensitive areas: Arctic, Antarctic etc.
    - - Wastefulness, lack of domestic FF supply = ^ energy insecurity
    - - Inefficient use. Political weapon? e.g. Russia
    - - Dependency on foreign TNCs to exploit e.g. Sudan, Nigeria
    - - Unstable sources of FFs e.g. Saudi Arabia, Iran
    - - ^ polluting sources like sulphur. health impacts. e.g. China + India
- - - - Electricity from renewables still low.
      - UK energy budget (total amount we use) = lower than 1970 despite ^ population growth due to ^ efficiency
      - Energy use
        
        Households = 12% less. Industry - 60% less energy.
        
        But this decrease is offset by ^ cars + flights. Budget will plateau
      - Energy mix ^ but most still generated by oil + gas
      - ^ Long term energy security
        
        reducing CO2 emissions (fit Paris Agreement)
    - - 20-80% gas supply = politically unstable Russian gas imports
  - - - Biofuels
        
        Brazil
        
        -
        
        Soc: Food shortages - use of cropland to grow fuel crops
        
        Ec: Expensive. Lower energy output - greater quantities needed.
        
        Env: Production + refining process is carbon and water intensive.
        
        +
        
        Soc: Energy security - can be produced domestically
        
        Ec: Price falling. Domestic production = economic stimulation
        
        Env: Recycles other materials e.g. manure + crop waste. Lower CO2 emissions than FFs
      - Wind
        
        +
        
        Soc: Healthier - no air pollution
        
        Ec: new industry = new jobs + apprenticeships. Fast repayment.
        
        Env: Lower emissions, ^ awareness of env. protection
        
        -
        
        Soc: View, takes up space onshore = fewer homes? NIMBYism
        
        Ec: wind ^ variable = level of energy will be inconsistent
        
        Env: Offshore = noise disruption to marine life. Birds + bats killed.
      - Solar
        
        -
        
        Ec: Intermittency - not generated when night or overcast
        
        Env: Land use - solar farms = 4-16.5 acres per megawatt. Rare minerals needed - open-pit mining + child labour
        
        Soc:
        
        +
        
        Ec: ^ cost-competitive alternative to fossil fuels. Accessible
        
        Env: Sustainable supply. No fossil fuel combustion.
        
        Soc-polit: ^ energy security: independence.
      - Geothermal
        
        +
        
        Soc:
        
        Ec: Abundant + constant supply- no shortages
        
        Env: Limited pollution. Geothermal reservoirs natural replenished = renewable. Small land footprint.
        
        -
        
        Ec: expensive initial set up. Geothermal heat pump expensive to run. Zone specific.
        
        Env: No fuel needed during production + use
        
        Soc:
      - Tidal
        
        +
        
        Env: Little GHGs
        
        Soc:
        
        Ec: Reliable - knowledge of tides = ^ efficient. Long-lasting. Effective at low speeds
        
        -
        
        Soc: Siting.
        
        Ec: Expensive, not commercially profitable yet. Must have tidal range of at least 7m. Intermittent.
        
        Env: May effect fish pop spawning. Unknown.
      - Hyro
        
        +
        
        Env:
        
        Soc:
        
        Ec: Efficient energy conversion. Reliable, flow controlled. Cost-effective.
        
        -
        
        Soc: Siting. Displace humans. Three Gorges = 1.2 mill.
        
        Env: Impact river flow + silt load. Distinction of fish species?
    - - Nuclear
        
        +
        
        Low operational costs
        
        Low carbon emissions
        
        -
        
        Safety
        
        Security
        
        Disposable of long-life radioactive waste
        
        Only available to most developed countries
        
        High building + decommissioning costs
  - - - Hydrogen Fuel Cells
        
        Hydrogen + Oxygen = electricity + heat + water
        
        Advantages
        
        Heat + electricity for buildings
        
        Power source for electric vehicles
        
        Low carbon emissions + accesses readily available source
        
        Cheap maintainance
        
        Disadvantages
        
        Nitrogen Dioxide Emissions toxic to plants + animals
        
        Flammable
        
        Expensive
        
        Requires fossil fuels to transform hydrogen into fuel
        
        ^ research needed
      - Carbon Capture + Storage (CCS)
        
        Capturing + burying CO2 released by fossil fuel combustion
        
        Disadvantages
        
        Very expensive - complex tech. Inaccessible to developing countries.
        
        Carbon may not stay trapped underground -may leak to surface + reinter atmos.
        
        Environmentalists see it as a distraction from need to invest in renewables
        
        Requires additional energy to capture CO2
        
        Advantages
        
        Sequesters carbon
- - - - Costs too much to transport = local reserve consumption
      - China largest producer + consumer, USA 2nd largest.
      - 8 countries in top 10 for production + consumption
    - - UK - 4th highest gas importer
      - USA - largest producer of gas - fracking
      - EU countries = 5 of top 10 importers
      - Trade + pipeline shipments fell by 6.2% in 2014
      - Domestic resources utilised / links via energy pathways --> Russia joined to Germany
    - - Asia consuming more than proven reserves + production
      - Middle East produce 3x more than consume
      - Europe consumes marginally more than reserves
      - USA consumes 20% total oil
      - Wealthier continents = ^ oil consumption (transport) --> electricity can be gained via cheaper fuels
    - - TNCs
        
        Specialised subcontractors paid by energy companies. Profit
      - Environmental Groups
        
        Exploitation
      - Affected Communities + Consumers
        
        Pollution, noise, lifestyle
        
        Job opportunities
      - Governments
        
        Private sector takes on financial risks
        
        Ensure + improve cheap energy security
  - - - Supply: OPEC, TNCs, GOVs
        
        Transport: :ship:TNCs, Shipping companies, pipeline controllers
        
        Demand: TNCs, Energy companies, GOVs, consumers
        
        .
    - - Locations where pathways can/ are disrupted
        
        Allow transfers to take place between producers consumers
        
        Countries must source energy supply from many countries/ sources to increase energy security
      - Disrupted by:
        
        Piracy
        
        Conflict
        
        Corruption
    - - Coal
      - Oil
      - Gas
  - - - Tailings ponds leaching into groundwater + into water sources
      - 3x GHG than conventional oil production
      - Clay, sand, water + bitumen
      - Mined, injected with steam + pumped out
      - Tar Sands
        
        Source of 8.5% of Canada's total greenhouse gasses 2013
        
        Potentially hold 166 billion barrels. 4 million barrels excavated a day by 2030
        
        Athabasca
    - - Oil-bearing rocks - permeable enough for oil to be pumped out directly
      - Mined or ignited = light oil fractions pumped out
    - - Natural gas trapped in fine=rained sedimentary rocks
      - Fracking
        
        Gas escaping = flammable tap water
        
        Drill into Earth. High-pressure water mixture directed at rock to release the gas inside. Water, sand + chemicals are injected into rock at high pressure = allows gas to flow into head of the well.
      - US Shale Gas
        
        25% USA gas supply from fracking
        
        "Fraccidents"
        
        Animal deaths, industrial explosions, gas in taps, groundwater contamination + carcinogenic airborne pollutants.
    - - Oil + gas far offshore at ^ oceanic depths
      - Ocean rigs
        
        e.g. Gulf of Mexico
        
        Brazilian Deepwater oil in Santos Basin
        
        Lula Oil field: Estimate of 8 billion barrels of oil. Enough to meet global demand for 3 months.
        
        China helped Petrobras to develop oil field in 2006 - estimated reserves of 50-80 billion barrels
  - - - Oil
        
        Consumption
        
        :flag-us:USA: 37%
        
        :flag-fr:France: 32%
        
        % of Domestic Production
        
        :flag-us:USA: 0.5%
        
        :flag-fr:France: 0%
      - Gas
        
        Consumption
        
        :flag-us:USA: 29%
        
        :flag-fr:France: 16%
        
        % of Domestic Production
        
        :flag-us:USA: 32%
        
        :flag-fr:France: 6%
      - Renewables
        
        Consumption
        
        :flag-us:USA: 11%
        
        :flag-fr:France: 9%
        
        % of Domestic Production
        
        :flag-us:USA: 17%
        
        :flag-fr:France: 19%
      - Coal
        
        Consumption
        
        :flag-fr:France: 4%
        
        :flag-us:USA: 15%.
        
        % of Domestic Production
        
        :flag-us:USA: 30%
        
        :flag-fr:France: 2%
      - Nuclear
        
        Consumption
        
        :flag-us:USA: 9%
        
        :flag-fr:France: 39%
        
        % of Domestic Production
        
        :flag-us:USA: 20%
        
        :flag-fr:France: 73%
    - - 81% energy consumption = FFs
      - 5 times bigger population than France, 8 times more energy consumption
    - - 52.4% energy consumption = FFs