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Nation States in a Globalised World :world_map: (Nationalism, Colonialism…
Nation States in a Globalised World :world_map:
Nationalism, Colonialism + the Modern World
Classwork
Nationalism
Shared feeling for special geographical area - expressed by political identification + a sense of belonging to a particular nation.
UK
The British Tune -- European visitors to Britain in 18th century noticed the advantage of nationally recognised musical symbol
British Empire
By 20th century, European nationalism exported worldwide but by 1945, national self-determination colonies began to threaten imperial powers.
European countries resisted decolonisation but human + financial cost of fighting two world wars removed capacity to maintain empires. (Local + international opposition).
USA wanted independence from UK + wanted to be hyperpower = collapse of British Empire = less competition. + USSR saw British Empire as a form of oppression of proletariat = not sympathetic to its collapse. Now could exert own superpower status.
During 19th cent. = romanticised nationalism in Europe --> linked to wealth from industrial revolution + colonialism
New countries with nat identity began to form e.g. Germany, Poland, Italy.
In 19th cent. EU countries built global empires -- competition between nations was ^ impt.
'Wind of change' Speech
Colonial Decline of British Empire
Post-colonial Legacies
.
Sport
Cricket, India
Language
Uganda - 40 ethnic groups = English national language.
Place names + architecture
Kolkatta, India - Cathedral Road
Investment
Aid
India = highest recipient of aid from UK
£200 million to Ugandan Health Sector
FDI
.
Key Terms
Off-shore
Movement of capital + investment into off shore locations
Tax Haven
Country/ independent area where taxes are levied at low rate
Jersey, Bermuda, Isle of Man, Caymen Islands
Markets
New markets
Why has glob caused growth in low-tax regimes?
Glob = encourages competition for profits. Free movement of capital + financial deregulation
Glob encourages flow of capital + FDI. GOVs have removed restrictions on foreign ownership = companies can relocate to countries with low tax regimes = ^ profit.
Why have most GOVs accepted emergence of tax havens?
Gained money from taxation of workers
Jobs for local people
Involvement in productivity + technology transfer
Why do NGO's oppose tax havens?
Only large TNCs can afford to set up administrative offices in tax havens =
unethical
.
Workers pay taxes but the companies don't!
Money not contributed to local economy.
Perpetuates inequality
Undermines development + poverty reduction + less investment in country
Views on Tax Avoidance
TNCs
Useful. ^ Protits
Critical Organisations + Networks
Tax Justice Network
Generates inequality: allows wealthier countries to become wealthier; development halted in host countries
Growing Global Inequality
Gini Coefficient + Lorenz Curve
x + y value cumulative --> added together
Capitalism = inequality
Global shares of wealth
Richest 20% = 83% global wealth.
Bottom two quintiles (poorest 40%) = 3% total wealth ($2.34 trillion)
OXFAM
Tax havens fuel extreme inequality
Equador
States and the processes that shape them
Nation
Political entity that has sovereignty over its territory
Right to make laws + regulations without other nations interfering
Nation States vary in ethnic, cultural + linguistic unity
Territorialised
group of people who may lack
sovereignty
e.g. Welsh nation of UK
Cultural traits distinguish + define different identities include languages/ dialect, support of nat. sport teams, music + literature.
^ complex. UK is multi-faith = Asian British, Black British identities = ^ complexity of cultural mix.
Nation States + Cultures
Establishing national borders
Ethnic conflict + Contested borders in Central Africa
1885 meeting to discuss division of Africa, 14 countries met in Berlin
DRC, Rwanda + Burundi + Uganda home to 240 ethnic groups
Cultural diversity = major conflicts
Conflicts attributed to the imposed boundaries established by GB, Belgium + Germany
Traditional regions = fragmented. People became transnational = long-term political instability
80% of Africa was under indigenous control
By end, Africa was divided into 50 countries via geometric boundaries - not cultural. 50 separate countries.
Boundaries imposed regardless of cultural or language issues
Straight lines on map
Egypt + Libya
Rwandan Genocide
Causes
Tutsis received preferential treatment
Hutu president murdered in a plane crash (shot down RPF) during peace negotiation between Hutu + Tutsi.
Hutus were marginalised + oppressed by Belgians via identity cards
1
Pre-colonial era
: Tutsi aristocracy + Hutu slaves = class system.
2
Colonial Era
: Germany takes Rwanda; Hutus + Tutsis separated by appearance -- Tutsis placed in powerful positions. Hutus - lower class
.
3
Belgians
introduce
ethnicity cards
4
Hutu rebellion
1959
5
1962 Belgians leave
Hutu gov in charge
6
1962-73 Killings
, massacres + university exclusions
7
1979 Coffee prices collapse
8
1990-1994 Localised killings
+ Massacres
9
Genocide 1994
: President H shot down during peace negotiation by RPF to spark conflict.
100 days. 800,000 dead
. Guns too expensive. Machetes = cheaper. Option for Tutsis to buy own bullet. RTLM radio station used to spread propaganda. "tall trees"
Contested borders - Ukraine + Russia
Crimea Conflict
Sits on huge reserves of oil + gas. Eastern Ukraine. 55% of Crimea = Russian speaking. Military invasion of Crimea by Russian soldiers. Triggered referendum. 90% of Crimea voted to be part of Russia -- to leave Ukraine. Putin announced that Crimea was part of Russia. Russia already had a naval base in Crimea. mid April - mid July = 1000 dead
1991 -- break up of USSR. Pro Russian President turned back on EU + signed deal with Putin. Removed from office + pro-western official put into place. Rejected Russian deal previously agreed. Eastern = pro Russian. Western = pro EU. Nov 2013.
Prior to "shrinking world" era, natural barriers to pop movement = mountain ranges + rivers.
Long-settled ethnic groups = strong assoc. to land.
European geopolitical map corresponds to cultural + linguistic map.
Cultural Unity in Iceland VS Singapore
Iceland
Physically Isolated = cultural homogeneity
Community cohesion formed via hardship - volcanic island
Shared: consumption of rotten Greenland shark (poisonous if not buried for months to allow fluid to drain). Trad festival food.
2008: McDonalds left -- prices too high = no customers
Pop 320,000, AVG 30,000 visitors per day, many settle = ^ div
Singapore
Melting pot: Malay, Chinese, India, European. "Singlish".
1926-1946 strat. hub for British. Dec. to make it a free port = ^ migration from China, India, Indonesia, Malay Peninsula + Middle East. = Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism + Taoism.
Independence: now = Asian tiger, GDP per capita of $82,000 (3rd highest). = magnet for migrants who bring customs, religions + festivals.
Contested borders + states
Ethnic conflict + contested borders in Iraq + Syria
Non-recognition of Taiwan
24million pop. 53rd ^ pop in world. 22nd largest economy of world. ^ ranking in freedom of press + human development. ^ skilled workforce. Most have tertiary education degree. Only rec. by 20 UN countries. USA recognised Taiwan as nation until 1978 -- open door policy -- where USA switched allegiance to China. USA + China paired up to fight Soviet Union
UK = sovereign state.
Scotland + Wales + Ireland = nations
X full autonomy e.g. Scotland can control GOV, edu + welfare but X declare war on another state = X have full sovereignty.
Cultural identity
Diff cultural traits -- lang, dialect, supp. sport teams, music + literature.
Multi-faith soc from centuries o' migration.
USA
Initially: mix of indigenous "first nations" tribes e.g. Sioux, Cheyenne Navajo. Today: 320mill pop. Descendants from Italy, Greece, Scandinavia, India, Pakistan + more. = American culture has formed from "melting pot"
USA culture inclusive (new arrivals participate) + dynamic (changed by new arrivals).
Nationalism, Colonialism + Modern World
British Empire
Reasons for fall of British Empire
Impacts
Post-colonial patterns of migration
Migration patterns bet. former colonies + imperial core countries still evident via ethnic compositions + cultural heterogeneity of countries.
1950-1980 = UK received migrants from former colonies e.g. Jamaica, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Kenya, Nigeria + Uganda.
Movements ^ cultural + ethnic diversity in urban centres (London, Birmingham, Liverpool + Manchester). Resulted in multi-lingual multi-faith community (cultural heterogeneity.
Migrants spill skills gaps in labour force after WW2. Mig. recruited directly.
Gaps in skilled labour market. e.g. NHS shortage of workers = doctors from India. Medical schools under colonial rule used same textbooks as British.
Notting Hill, Caribbean migration
Decolonisation left a "
power-vacuum
" + troubled transition --> independence. Economic instability + development stall.
Conflict
India + Pakisatan
Speed at which empires disbanded
greatly exceeded
time taken to build the empires.
.
2 WWs = ^ Cost (bankrupt)
^ Resistance to foreign rule (Gandhi campaigned for independence in 1947)
Young EU citizens saw colonial rule as unjust -> Protests + demonstrations
Rapid pop growth^ in developing = difficult to subjugate
EU economic shift away from industrial to post industrial = less dependent on raw materials from colonies
1880: UK = dominion over
1/3 of world's land
,
1/4 world's people
Most of
50
African countries regained
independence
between
1945 + 1970
. Most recent:
South Africa, 1994.
Several still
Nineteenth-century nationalism + empire building
1500 - 1900 EU powers built global empires
Spain + Portugal
- South America
GB, France, Belgium + Holland
- Asia and Africa.
End of empire + new nation states
DRC
Post-colonial Vietnam
Post-colonial conflict in Sudan + South Sudan
Post-colonial patterns of migration
1950's - 1970's - UK received ^ migrants from former colonies e.g. Jamaica, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh + Uganda.
^
cultural heterogeneity
Economic Migration
1948 Windrush - 566,000 Jamaicans to London to fill post-war lab shortages. Some recruited directly to become bus drivers for LUnderground
2018 Windrush Scandal - Deportation targets. Evidence of
institutional racism
?
1960's - 750,000 Pakistani and 1 million Indians from impoverished rural areas.
1960's - 280,000 Bangladeshi men - later families
Refugee migration
UK accepted 20,000 Vietnamese refugees
30,000 Asians given asylum after being forced out of Uganda.
Identity
Global
National
State Strategies in Response to Economic Globalisation
Alternative Economic Models for Nation-State Building
Alternative development in Latin America
Against
free market capitalism
-- socialism instead
3 Principles
Markets mediate between producers + consumers
Consumers sell own labour in exchange for income
Private ownership - land, resources + capital
Venezuela
Former leader
Hugo Chavez
:
"resist the free-market neoliberal order!"
Largest proven fossil reserves in OPEC = ^ GOV spending on education, health, employment + small business support.
Rejected IMF + WB aid
Chavez took control of oil products prev. owned by Chevron, BP + ExxonMobil
Free oil supplies to Cuba for years
South Americas, African and Asian nations CRIT USA + UK
States gain disproportionately from global trade + use pow to reproduce this to own adv.
Oxfam 2016:
Richest
62
= same wealth as
poorest 3.5billion
2008 Financial crisis
= questions of
competence
of
western pows
(IMF, WB) to successfully shape global markets
Leading developed nations fail to prioritise
global climate change
- economic growth lacks
sustainability
Consequences
Unequal access to education reinforces social inequality + decreases social mobility
Non-communicable diseases: Poor health - coronary heart disease + cancer from increased meat consumption + fast food and more sedentary lifestyles + pollution
Lack of social cohesion ^ tensions
LE North Korea = 10yrs lower than South Korea
Low-tax states + TNCs
Attract TNCs = financial gain
Low gov taxes generate huge revenue due to high volume of capital flows
Apple, California $6billion to US GOV 2012
ExxonMobil $31billion
TNCs leave trad countries if other states have lower tax rates:
corporate migration
Practical reasons why TNCs choose
NOT
to relocate
Authenticity
Corporate responsibility
Public perception
Security
Instead of
relocation
,
transfer pricing
is used to reduce tax burden.
Route profits
through
subsidiary companies
owned by
parent company
via
tax havens
.
Wealthy expatriates migrate
to
tax havens
to reduce
tax liability
e.g. Bermuda, the Cayman Islands + Guernsey
Global governance + Tax Havens
45
primary
Tax Havens
globally
GOV + TNCs work together closely to ^ one another's interests
Richard Nixon international lawyer for PepsiCo before becoming President. 1969. Soviet Union granted permission for PepsiCo to manufacture there in 1972. PepsiCo $2bill taxes to US Gov 2014.
Funding from TNCs = ^ health, edu, defence + welfare spending .
TNC
Transfer pricing
(tax avoidance) = economic damage to states.
Actions against TNC tax avoidance
IGOs
OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) - 34 members, monitored offshore tax havens ($7trillion TNC tax evasion).
G20 2015 - 60 GOVs agreed to crack down on transfer pricing
Paradise Papers 2017
1 more item...
Impact of IGOs:
TNCs more aware of risk to brand (boycotts) if associated with tax avoidance
NGOs
+ Citizens
Citizen-led protest movements
High-street demonstrations to pressure GOV to clamp down on tax avoidance
1 more item...
Key question: What role has colonialism played in producing contested borders and ethnic conflict?
85% Hutu 15% Tutsi
RTLM Radio Station
Synoptic topics!
Expansionist Nationalism
Scramble for Africa
Zulu battle
Bilateral definition
Multilateral definition
Bermuda = 0% tax
How has globalisation contributed to formation of nation states?
Gibraltar, Isle of Man + Jersey = ruled by UK
Glob = growth of low-tax regimes = profits for TNCs. NGO's see it as rich = richer, poor = poorer. Most GOVs accept tax havens.
Page 261?
Neo-liberalism = deregulation?
Champaign glass effect :wine_glass:
Out-migration of young people
Petrabras
Sovereignty
: place and its people can self-gov without outside interference
wind of change speech: first ack. that empire had collapsed (Macmillan)
Colonialism = conflict
Borders rarely reflect distribution of cultural + ethnic groups.
Contested borders Africa
Physical borders -- physical geography + historical development + colonial history/ rule = Problems of sovereignty + legitimacy = tensions
President Hab agreed to form joint GOV - Hutu + Tutsi :small_airplane::explode::bomb: