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THE DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH (BEHAVIOURAL DETERMINANTS: Relate to the…
THE DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
BIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS
: Relate to the structure of the cells, tissues and systems of the body and how adequately they function.
BODY WEIGHT:
Can influence other biological determinants.
Concerns associated with obesity:
cardiovascular disease
some cancers (colorectal)
respiratory problmes
type 2 diabetes
arthiritis
self esteem issues and depression
social exclusion
BMI and waste circumfereance used to assess body weight.
BMI = weight(kg) / height (m2)
A measurement of 88cm or greater (women) and 102cm (men) indicated a significantly higher risk of ill health.
BLOOD PRESSURE:
As the heart contracts - blood is pushed around the body - blood pressure increases.
As the heart relaxes - fills with more blood - pressure on wall decreases.
Systolic pressure:
measures the high end of the pressure cycle, when blood is being pumped out of the heart.
Diastolic pressure:
measures pressure at the bottom end of the pressure cycle.
Hypertention:
high blood pressure.
-blood does not flow through the blood vessels as easily
-heart and kidney have to work harder
-contributing factor to CVD
-can be controlled with medication and lifestyle changes
Risk Factors:
obesity
lack of physical excericise
excessive alcohol consumption
stress
smoking
poor diet
genetic predisposition
BLOOD CHOLESTEROL:
Cholesterol:
is a type of fat required by the body for a number of processes including maintaining cells membranes and in the production of hormones.
Produced in the liver.
Found in animal products such as eggs, full cream milk,
pork, chicken skin.
Nuts, avocado
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL): 'bad' cholesterol
High-density lipoprotein (HDL): 'good' cholesterol
-When there is too much LDL in the blood, it tends to be deposited on the walls of the blood vessels, giving the blood less room to travel to the cells.
-When this occurs, the cholesterol deposits allow other substances (such as calcium) to become embedded, which leads to hardening and narrowing of the arteries, a condition known as
atherosclerosis.
Risk Factors:
Excessive alcohol intake
Smoking
Lack of excerices
Genetic predisposition
Diet high in saturated fat and/or trans fat
Lifestyle changes and medication can reduce high blood cholesterol.
GLUCOSE REGULATION:
Glucose is the preferred fuel for energy within the cells.
Glucose is obtained from breaking down carbohydrates.
When carbs are eaten, the remaining glucose are absorbed into the blood stream.
When blood glucose levels rise, insulin in released from the pancreas to allow glucose to travel from bloodstream to cells to be used for energy.
Impaired glucose regulation/glucose intolerance/ insulin resistance: Preventing glucose form being absorbed into the cells.
CAN OCCUR AS A RESULT OF:
genetic predisposition
stress
lack of excericise
pregnancy
-overwieght
-smoking
-diet high in fat
high LDL cholesterol
high blood pressure
can lead to type 2 diabete and CVD
BIRTH WEIGHT:
Is related to health outcomes directly after pregnancy and later in life.
Low birth weight: (under 2.5kg) more likely to:
underdeveloped immune systerm
more susceptible to infections
suffer from premature death
significant disabilities such as speech + learning
Low birth weight can contribute to health concerns in adulthood such as:
high blood pressure
type 2 diabetes
CVD
Causes of low birth weight:
premature birth
age of mother (under 15 or over 45)
mother's nutritional status
smoking, excessive drug + alcohol consumption by mother during pregnancy
illness of mother during pregnancy
GENETICS:
Genetic material contained in body cells controls many aspects in life that influence health such as; sex, body type, hormone production, predispostion to disease and aspects in personality.
Mutation:
faulty gene at conception.
Genetic predisposition:
increase risk of developing a certain disease.
Hormones: regulate many processes in the body. (oestrogen and testosterone)
BEHAVIOURAL DETERMINANTS:
Relate to the choices people make in their lives that impact on the health status.
TOBACCO SMOKING:
Is the leading preventable risk factor associated with:
CVD
respiratory conditions
many forms of cancer
Increases blood pressure
Speeds up the process of atherosclerosis
Damages airways - COPD ( chronic obsructive pulmonary disease) reduced airflow into lungs
Cause fault in body cells as they divide - leads to tumors and cancers
Physical and/or mental addiction
ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION:
Alcoholism: when a person can't stop drinking once they have started, or have a constant desire to drink alcohol.
Binge drinking: drinking seven or more standard drinks.
obesity realted condition such as T2D
hypertension and CVD
breakdown of relationships
increased rates of violence and injuries
brain damage
mental health problems
cancer of the liver, oesophagus, throat, mouth, stomach and bowel.
DRUG MISUSE:
Drugs:
refers to chemical substances that have an effect on the body.
Drug misuse:
refers to abuse of both prescription and illicit drugs
mental illness
brain damage
birth defects
lung cancer
respiratory problems
HIV and hepatitis
accidents (car and violence)
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY:
Healthy body weight.
Healthy blood vessels.
Positive mental health (lower rates of depression, anxiety and stress)
-technology
-less utilisation of active transport
safety fears
DIETARY BEHAVIOUR:
inadequate consumption of fruit and vegetables
high intake is saturated fats
high consumption of sodium and sugar
low calcium intake
low iron intake
Can lead to:
-colorectal caner
-obesity
-hypertension
-high blood cholesterol
-impaired glucose regulation
-T2D
-CVD
SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR:
unsafe practices can lead to - STI's
VACCINATION BEHAVIOUR:
Vaccine preventable diseases include:
influenza
whooping cough
measles
mumps
rubella
tetanus
hepatitis B
RISK - TAKING BEHAVIOUR:
drowning
accidents leading to death
accidents leading to long term disabilities or injuries
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT:
Refers ti physical things that surround us. These include aspects of the environment that occur naturally and structures built by people.
Housing:
Ventilation and hygiene: respiratory problems (asthma), coughing, irritations.
Design and safety: stairs, floor surfaces, pool, balcony.
Overcrowding: unsanitary conditions, infectious diseases.
Sleeping conditions
Security: fear and anxiety
Pollutants: smoking, dust, pet hair = asthma & respiratory problems
Resources conductive to eating a nutritionally sound diet
WORK ENVIRONMENT:
UV exposure
accidents & injuries
exposure to hazardous substances
prolonged sitting
URBAN DESIGN AND INFRASTRUCTURE:
geographical locations of resources
transportation systems
recreational facilities
AIR QUALITY:
bush fires
dust storms
pollen
vegetation
motor vehicles
industrial emissions
tobacco smoking
CLIMATE AND CLIMATE CHANGE:
Droughts
Floodings
SOCIAL DETERMINANTS:
Refers to the social environment that impact on health status.
SES:
income + occupation + education = SES
Those who are socioeconomically disadvantaged are:
less likely to take notice of health-promotion messages
more likely to smoke and be obese due to poor nutrition and inactivity
more likely to experience overcrowded housing conditions
EMPLOYMENT & UNEMPLOYMENT:
levels of stress experienced
lack of job security
unreasonable demands
increased stress and anxiety
the unemplyed have a higher chance of dying (and suffer from) more ilnesses than those of similar age who are emplyed
rates of suicide, lung cancer and CVD and higher
for some ill health cause unemplyment
for others unemployment causes the health problems
SOCIAL EXCLUSION:
Refers to the segregation that people experience if they are not adequately participating in the society in which they live.
Occurs due to:
poor physical and mental health
disability
family breakdowns
low income
inability to access services such as employment, education
SOCIAL ISOLATION:
Refers to not being in regular contact with others.
Occurs due to:
geographical barriers
disability, illness
lack of transportation
STRESS:
infections
diabetes
heart attack
stroke
high blood pressure
depression and aggression
FOOD SECURITY
EARLY LIFE EXPERIENCES
ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE