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INTRODUCTION TO COGNITIVE SCIENCE (Approaches (Psychological Approach…
INTRODUCTION TO COGNITIVE SCIENCE
Definition
Science
Scientia (Latin) = Knowledge
A system of acquiring knowledge
Cognition
Cognitio (Latin) = to acquire knowledge through exercise of mental powers
Cognition Process
Problem solving
Learning
Language
Reasoning
Perception
Imagery
Memory
Cognition Capabilities
Obtain
Sensation
Visual
Auditory
Perception
Perception Illusion
Attention
Store
Memory
Representation
Utilize
Day-to-day
Cognitive Science
Scientific interdisciplinary study of the mind
Approaches
Psychological Approach
internal mental operation
computer as metaphor for MIND
Neuroscience Approach
cognitive processes in term of underlying brain mechanism
Artificial Intelligence Approach
building device that attempt to mimic complex thought processes
Philosophical Approach
formulating and answering questions about the universe
Anthropological Approach
relation between human culture and human thought
Learning Science Approach
application of findings in Cognitive Science in education (training)
Linguistic Approach
human capacity for language
Developmental history
The beginning : Province of Philosophy
Greek Philosopher
study of the mind (epistemology)
nature of human knowledge
virtue - innate (plato)
experience/senses (Aristotle)
Other Philosophers
Rationalism - Thinking & Reasoning
Descartes (French)
Liebniz (German)
Development of Experimental Psychology
Initiation of Laboratory methods for systemic study of mental
Introspection (looking inside of own experience)
Behaviorism
Denying existance of the mind
examine relation between observable stimuli & observable behavioral responses
Conditioning
Classical
Ivan Pavlov
Stimulus...Response = Learning (involuntary)
Operant Conditioning
B.F.Skinner
Behavior is modified as a result of its consequences (reward/punishment)
Emergence of Cognitive Science
capacityy of human thinking is limited
short term memory (limited to +- 7 items)
Growth of Artificial Intelligence
development in linguistics
reject behaviorism
Study of Human Cognition
Early Approaches
Franz Joseph
Gall
why the ability of memorization vary amongst people ?
observed and claim that there exist a connection between ability to memorize & large protuding eyes
Gall's conclusion
brain is the sole organ
human basic character & intellectual traits are
innately
determined
Structure
differ
according to their function
neuron respond to repeated experiences by adding links (synapes) to other neurons
development of areas in brain correspond to shape of the skull
emergence of phrenology
argued that faculties of mind accepted by philosophers were too general or vague (samar)
proposed a system which listed a large number of more specific faculties of mind
predicting people's abilities & personality traits by measuring "bumps on their skull"
Paul Broca
Initially believed that intelligence can be assessed by size of skull (craniometry)
work on patients whose language f(x) was compromised through injury
conclude that craniometry is incorrect
evidence of lesion in brain (left frontal lobe)
contribute to patient's language loss (aphasia)
localization of f(x)
Broca's area
we speak with the left hemisphere
1st evidence of existance of language centre in brain
1st area of brain to be specified
More recent Approaches
sensory f(x) of the brain
can be localized in specific region of brain
Hughlings-Jackson 9(Father of British Neurologist)
Once demonstrated & accepted, study of mental become more opened
effects of experimentally induced brain lesions on other major areas of cognition
Theorized that physical memory traces (engrams) must be made in the brain when learning occurs.
Principle of Equipotentiality
brain is sufficiently plasti, such when 1 region damaged, another region take's over it's f(x)
when a functional area of cortex is damaged, its ability to perform previously mastered complex f(x) may be lost in proportion to the extent of the injury
evidence
Neurosurgeons
Surgery on awake human patient's brain. Local aneshesia of scalp
Patient remain consious for certain surgery types.
Brain has no sense receptors.
Stimulating certain cirtex areas with a weak electric current evoked specific motor effect.
Clenched fist, tingling tongues
Hallucination & memories can also be elicted in this way, or that access to words can be blocked for the duration of the stimulation.
Insight on
perception (Herman Helmholtz)
Initial belief - signal sent from sensory organs traveled to brain at speed of light (too fast too measure)
invent instrument (chronograph)
able to measure reaction time to stimulus
longer time to react to receptor further to the brain
human has consious and unconcius mind
illusion
result of unconcious process
Attention (Wilhelm Wundt)
unconsious inferences can determine perceptions
claim that another aspect of consciousness is attention
paying attention = certain features which perceives MOST clearly (the rest fades)
Mental representation & Psychology of language (Wilhelm Wundt)
exist for a speaker before he forms sentences
utterances = product of creative synthesis of one / more mental contents, following specific grammatical rules
human memory
using himself as subject of experiment
learning nonsense syllables & count trial to memorize
memorize-recall-relearn :
contribution
convert unobservable mental process to observable behavior
measure behavior reliably
show how behavior is systematically affected by relevant factors & contributuion
children's intelligence
1st to publish a paper on intelligence testing
measuring differences in human intelligence
sensory discrimination
psycho-metrics argued that measuring sensory discrimination would NOT lead to insights into general mental capacity
1st Intelligent test
ensure that education could be directed appropriately to children of different ability levels
recent approaches to study of intelligence
Sternberg's approach
the purposive adaptation to selection of, and shaping of real world environments relevant to one's life & abilities
Gardner's Approach (neurological evidence)
