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Chromosomes (MITOSIS (Prophase (C'somes condense into chromatin…

- - - - centrosomes move to opp poles
        
        nucleoli dissappears
  - - - microtubules invade nuc
        
        sister chromatids attach to microtubules from opp centromeres
  - - - spindle fibers disappears and chr. uncoil
- - - - Transitions
        
        purine to purine/pyr to pyr
        
        T --> C --> U, A --> G
        
        Creates deamination
        
        Solved: base excision repair
        
        more common, but ignored and maintained bc silent muts
      - Transversions
        
        purine to/from pyr
        
        T --> A, C --> G
        
        selected against, so not maintained
    - - Deletion/insertion (single)
    - - solve: NT excision repair
    - - Solve: Base excision repair
    - - Double stranded break
        
        NHEJ: push sections together and stitch with ligase
        
        [!]: deletion/loss of data, LAST RESORT
        
        microhomology-mediated end joining: cuts DNA to expose single stranded regions to help bring ends together
        
        [!]: small deletions, LAST MINUTE
        
        Homologous recombination: use homolog/sister chromatid as template
        
        BEST CASE SCENARIO!
- - - - Nuclear envelope/membrane breaks down, spindle fibers form
      - Tetrads created, crossover pts @ chiasma (pts where nonsister chromatids cross
      - homologs attach to synapsis, synaptonemal complex forms, crossing over occurs, complex dissolves
      - centrosomes move to opp poles
      - C'somes condense
      - Metaphase 1
        
        Each c'some of homologs attach to fibers from opp poles
        
        Tetrads move to metaphase plate
        
        Anaphase 1
        
        chiasma dissolves and homologs move to opp poles
        
        Centromere doesn't divide!
        
        Telophase 1
        
        [!]: haploids, still attached to sister chromatids
        
        Nuc env reforms
        
        Interkinesis
        
        NO C'SOME REPLICATION OR DECONDENSATION
        
        Prophase 2
        
        nuc env breaks down
        
        Centrioles move to opp poles
        
        Metaphase 2
        
        3 more items...
- - - - G2
        
        Mitosis
        
        Cytokinesis