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History of the UK (Romans 43 BC - 410 AD (Iron Age 1200-600BC (Bronze…

- - - - Farmers
        
        Stone Age
        
        hunter-gatherers, permanently separated by the Channel about 10,000 years ago.
        
        6,000 years ago from south-east Europe. Stonehenge at county of Wiltshire and Skara Brae on Orkney, Scotland.
      - 4,000 years ago, roundhouses and buried their dead in tombs called round barrows.
  - - - Boudicca, the queen of the Iceni in what is now eastern England. Westminster Bridge in London, near the Houses of Parliament.
- - - - William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy. northern France, defeated Harold, the Saxon king at the Battle of Hastings.
        a great piece of embroidery: the Bayeux Tapestry 70m long
        
        Last successful foreign invasion of England
        Norman French influenced the English language
        Stayed out of Wales and Scotland.
        lists of all the towns and villages. The people who lived there, land and animals . Domesday Book.
      - Feudalism
        
        The Black Death
        1348 AD
        
        1400 AD
        
        The Wars of The Roses
        1455 AD
        
        To decide who should be king of England. the House of Lancaster (red rose) and the House of York (white rose).
        The war ended with the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. the leader of the House of Lancaster, became King Henry VII.
        Henry then married King Richard’s niece, Elizabeth of York, and united the two families. Henry was the first king of the House of Tudor.
        
        strengthened the central administration of England
        reduced the power of the nobles
        built up the monarchy’s financial reserves
        
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        Norman French + Anglo-Saxon became one English language.
        ‘park’ and ‘beauty’ are Norman French words.
        ‘apple’, ‘cow’ and ‘summer’ are Anglo-Saxon words.
        ‘Demand’ (French) and ‘ask’ (Anglo-Saxon)
        By 1400, in England, official documents were being written in English, preferred language of the royal court and Parliament.
        
        Geoffrey Chaucer wrote a series of poems in English: The Canterbury Tales. one of the first books to be printed by William Caxton, the first person in England to print books using a printing press.
        
        In Scotland, people speak Gaelic. Poet John Barbour, who wrote The Bruce about the Battle of Bannockburn.
        
        Castles were built for defence: Windsor and Edinburgh, Lincoln Cathedral. cathedrals had windows of stained glass, telling stories about the Bible and Christian saints. York Minster
        trading nation for English wool.
        People came to England from abroad to trade and also to work. Many had special skills, such as weavers from France, engineers from Germany, glass manufacturers from Italy and canal builders from Holland.
        
        A form of plague
        One third of the population of England died and a similar proportion in Scotland and Wales.
        This was one of the worst disasters ever to strike Britain.
        In Ireland, the Black Death killed many in the Pale and, for a time, the area controlled by the English became smaller.
        
        labour shortages and peasants demand higher wages.
        New social classes: owners of large land (gentry),
        people left the countryside to the towns.
        In the towns, growing wealth led to a strong middle class.
        
        Legal and political changes
        
        Parliament origins in the king’s council of advisers, which included important noblemen and the leaders of the Church.
        Year 1215, King John was forced by his noblemen to agree to Magna Carta (the Great Charter) : the king was subject to the law. to collect taxes or to make or change laws. In future, the king would need to involve his noblemen in decisions.
        In England, 2 separate Houses, were established.
        
        The nobility, great landowners and bishops in House of Lords
        
        Knights, smaller landowners, and wealthy people in the House of Commons.
        
        In Scotland. It had three Houses, called Estates: the lords, the commons and the clergy.
        
        The new principle that judges are independent of the government
        In England, judges developed ‘common law’ by a process of precedence (following previous decisions) and tradition.
        In Scotland, laws were ‘codified’ (written down).
        
        In the north of Scotland and Ireland, land was owned by members of the ‘clans’ (prominent families).
        
        System of land ownership by Normans.
        The king gave land to his lords in return for help in war.
        Peasants had small area of their lord’s land where they could grow food. In return, they had to work for their lord and could not move away.
        The same system in southern Scotland.
        
        In 1284 King Edward I of England introduced the Statute of Rhuddlan, which annexed Wales to the Crown of England. Huge castles, including Conwy and Caernarvon, were built to maintain this power. By the middle of the 15th century the last Welsh rebellions had been defeated.
        
        In 1314 the Scottish, led by Robert the Bruce, defeated the English at the Battle of Bannockburn, and Scotland remained unconquered by the English.
        
        By 1200, the English ruled an area of Ireland known as the Pale, around Dublin. Some of the important lords in other parts of Ireland accepted the authority of the English king.
        
        English knights in Crusades, in which European Christians fought for control of the Holy Land.
        Long war with France: Hundred Years War ( actually lasted 116 years). most famous battles was Agincourt in 1415 where King Henry V’s vastly outnumbered English army defeated the French. The English left France in the 1450s.
    - - The Anglo-Saxon kingdoms united under King Alfred the great defeated the Vikings.
        short period there were Danish kings: Cnut = Canute.
        
        the threat of Vikings encouraged the north to unite under king , Kenneth MacAlpin.
        The term Scotland began to be used to describe that country.