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I.Epidemiology (The study of how disease is distributed in populations and…

- - - - biomedical knowledge
      - Make observations e.g. case report
      - Testing hypotheses
        
        research question：The population at risk (who, where, and when) ，The exposure，The outcome
        
        design and analytical methods-->comparing
        
        Case-control study design
        
        Cohort study design
        
        Inferring a causal model
        
        indirect
        
        non-direct
        
        direct
        
        Temporality
        
        Intervening: screening