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II Measurement of Disease Occurrence （descriptive epidemiology） (Measures…
II Measurement of Disease Occurrence
（descriptive epidemiology）
Measures of Morbidity
Prevalence (a proportion)
Point prevalence
Period prevalence
Lifetime prevalence (cumulative incidence)
Incidence (a rate)：identifying NEW cases
Cumulative incidence / incidence proportion
Disease Frequency or Risk
TIME!!!
Attack rate
Secondary Attack rate
Incidence density
Prevalence & incidence
Different Numerator
Prevalence ＝ incidence x duration of disease
Measures of Mortality
Case-fatality rate
Proportionate mortality
Mortality rate
Subpopulation specification
YEARS OF (POTENTIAL) LIFE LOST: PREMATURE DEATH：(平均餘命 – 死亡年齡)
Comparison
Standardization (標準化)（<>Crude）
direct adjustment
1.reference population （WHO 1990/2000 population、OECD 2010 population）2.standardized rate
indirect
1.Unstable crude mortality rate (population size is small)
2.Unknown Structure of standardized population，Age stratum-specific
Standardized mortality ratio, SMR
Two (or more) SMRs usually cannot be directly compared.