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Geography Lecture 7 Part 2 (2. Mitigation Measures (Transborder Agreements…
Geography Lecture 7 Part 2
1. Introduction
Impacts of climate change will affect the whole world
There are 2 types of responses against climate change
Mitigation
To reduce the severity of impacts by climate change
Adaptation
Helps people live with the impacts of climate change
2. Mitigation Measures
Transborder Agreements
Earth Summit, Rio de Janeiro (1992)
Kyoto Protocol (1997)
Rio +20 (2013)
Paris Climate Change Conference (2015)
Joint Implementation
Clean Development Mechanism
Carbon Trading
Debt-for-Nature-Swap
Bilateral Debt-for-Nature-Swap
Commercial Debt-for-Nature-Swap
Geo-Engineering Techniques
Nation/State/City
Enhanced Carbon Sinks
Iron dumping into ocean
Reforestation
Artificial Carbon Sequestration
Oceanic Sequestration
Terrestrial Sequestration
Convert to Carbon-free alternatives
Hydroelectricity
Nuclear Energy
Biofuel
Wind Energy
Solar Energy
Hydrogen fuel cells
Other sources of energy
For detailed description, refer to notes
Additional Information
Refer to appendix for more examples :')
3. Adaptation Measures
Lack of political commitment
The relevant political decision-makers are not willing enough to press ahead with adaptation
Unclear or inappropriate
Climate Change is a new problem. The problems and solutions cannot be clearly assigned to specific actors, sectors or levels of government
Insufficient Cooperation
Political actors demonstrate little or no cooperation with one another
Scarcity of Resources
Financial and/or Personnel resources are insufficient
Scientific Uncertainty
Climate projections and anticipated effects or costs and benefits of potential measures can only be specified to a certain extent. It is not possible to predict exact data, figures and timing
Insufficient knowledge transfer and networking
Decision-makers involved make little to no reference to existing knowledge and prior experience. Often, this is due to the lack of a connection between science and politics
4. Mitigation and Adaptation Together
Difference between Mitigation and Adaptation
Mitigation involves upfront cost, while Adaptation requires cost over longer terms as effects of climate change emerge
Adaptation strategies are local in scale as adjustments need to fit local impacts while mitigation can operate at a variety of scales (individual, transport, national and global)
More time is required for mitigation to have results that are global in nature. Adaptation measures usually yield immediate effects but are limited to local areas
Both are required to effectively cope with climate change
How complementary are mitigation and adaption?
It is important to consider both when trying to meet climate change mitigation/adaptation objectives
Some adaptation measures in construction, housing and energy are directly linked to mitigation measures
Adaptation measures such as conversion of oil-fired heating systems in flood plains into heat pumps can simultaneously constitute climate change mitigation measures
