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III. Natural History (Screening/diagnosis,Accuracy uploaded image…

- - - - Instrument bias
      - Observer or subject bias
    - - 直
        
        Sensitivity-->pos
        
        specificity-->neg
      - 橫
        
        NPV
        
        PPV
        
        sensitivity
        
        specificity
        
        prevalence
      - ROC curve -->cut off
        
        DATA DRIVEN
        
        COSTS OF FALSE POSITIVE & FALSE NEGATIVE
      - Multiple test
        
        Sequential (two-stage)
        
        positive的交集，↓sensitivity ↑specificity ↓false positive
        
        Simultaneous
        
        negative的交集，↑ sensitivity ↓ specificity ↓false negative
  - - - Intra-subject variation
      - Intra-observer variation
      - Inter-observer variation
      - Instrument variability
    - - Limitation: Agreement% does not account for marginal distribution
      - agreement by chance
        
        even distribution
        
        marginal distribution
      - formula
      - type
- - - - Case-fatality rate
      - Five year survival rate
      - Median survival time
      - Observed survival rate
        
        Life table
        
        Kaplan-Meier
      - Relative survival rate