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Psychological Development (Kohlberg (Stage Theory of Moral Development …
Psychological Development
Kohlberg
Stage Theory of Moral Development
Presented moral dilemmas and analyzed the moral reasoning in choices.
Conventional Morality
Early adolescence
-Performing right roles
-Uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order.
Preconventional Morality
Before age 9
-Values in external events
-Self interest; obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards.
Postconventional Morality
Adolescence and beyond
-Shared standards, rights, and duties
-Actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles
Jean Piaget
Stage Theory of Cognitive Development
Cognitive development is the construction of thought processes, including remembering, problem solving, and decision-making, from childhood through adolescence to adulthood.
Cognitive Development Stages
2. Pre-operational Stage
ages 2 - 6
-Learns to use language and to represent objects by images and words
-Thinking is still egocentric: has difficulty taking the viewpoint of others
-Classifies objects by a single feature: groups together all the red blocks regardless of shape or all the square blocks regardless of color
3.Concrete Operations
ages 7 - 11
-Can think logically about objects and events
-Can perform mathematical operations
1. Sensori-motor Stage
ages Birth - 2
-Differentiates self from objects
-Recognizes self as agent of action and begins to act intentionally: pulls a string to set mobile in motion or shakes a rattle to make a noise
-Achieves object permanence: realizes that things continue to exist even when no longer present to the sense
4. Formal Operations
ages 12 and up
-Can think logically about abstract propositions and test hypotheses systematically
-Becomes concerned with the hypothetical, the future, and ideological problems
Erik Erikson
Psychosocial Stages of Development
-Believed that our lives are shaped in eight stages of development.
-In each stage we are confronted with a crisis.
Stages of Development
Competence vs. Inferiority (6-12)
Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to new tasks.
I-Child develop a need to do things well to work and to provide in the future; School and peers are critical assets throughout this stage
G-Incompetent occurs if child fails to achieve
Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-18)
Ask the Question “Who am I”. Work on social interactions and morals development
I-Adolescence creates their own identity, integrate the different components into a whole.
R-Adolescent who is unable to integrate will experience role confusion
Initiative vs. Guilt
Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to new tasks.
I-Child moves into new spaces to explore. Learns to play with others.
G-Feelings of guilt and fear occurs if not allow to explore
Intimacy vs. Isolation (19-40)
At this stage we are all preoccupied with love.
In-learn to build reciprocal relationships with others on many levels including socially, sexually and occupationally
Is-Individuals who fail to build these relationships will feel isolated
Autonomy vs. Shame (1-3)
Begin to walk, talk and use toilets.
Self-confidence and control develops
A-Develop motor and verbal skills which allows autonomous; Child becomes more confident and in control
S-If a child is not provided with what they need socially, nurturance, they will feel ashamed and less confident
Generativity vs. Stagnation
(40-65)
People look to help the next generation.
G-develops the capacity to care and nurture.
S-Individual who fail at this stage will focus only on caring for self
Trust vs. Mistrust (B-1)
Develop trust with parents for food, warmth and affection
T -Child develop a sense of trust in others through being nurtured and loved
M-Mistrust occurs if love and nurtured does not occur, causing withdrawal later in life.
Integrity vs. Despair
(65- D)
Look back at life and see how you did.
I-acceptance of life achievements and significant others.
D-If an individual fails at this they experience despair
