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Behavioral Neuroscience 1 Nervous system and hormones (Neuroendocrine…
Behavioral Neuroscience 1
Nervous system and hormones
Hormones
Cholinergic & Adrenergic Receptors page 10
Nervous system
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain
Spinal chord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Somatic (voluntary)
--> voluntary muscle and reflex movement (eg controlign breathing voluntarily)
Autonomic
--> homeoestasis
--> body temperature
--> breathing
--> blood presure
--> fight or flight
--> glands
--> glucose levels
Sympathetic
---> energy using
---> faster heartrate
---> pupils constrict
---> fight or flight
------> inhibited digestion
preganglionic
--> ACT (acethylcholin)
--> neuropeptides
postganglionic
--> Noradrenalin
--> neuropeptides
Parasympathetic
---> energy saving
lowers heartrate
dilates pupils
no sweating
decrease adrenal glands
normal digestion
Pre+Post ganglionic
--> ACT (acethylcholin)
--> neuropeptides
Entric / Neuroendecrine (organs)
Gastrointestal tract
---> 2 plexuses of neurons
---> transport, digestion
---> barometric recepters (stretch of gut wall)
---> motor neurons
---> neurotransmitter release
---> input form other parts of ANS (stress stops digestion, --> blood to distal limbs)
Cardiovascular reflex
--> autonomic reflex
--> supply of blood to tissue
Receptors
--> in heart and blood vessels
Baroreceptors
--> mechanical
--> stretch in blood vessel wall
Chemoreceptors
--> chemical
--> detection of oxygen + carbon dioxide in blood
Example
blood pressure high
baroreceptors detect
nucleus solitary tract
sympathetic NS (via kidneys vasopressin decrease)
---> blood vessels dialate
----> blood pressure lowers
Lie detection
--> polygraph
--> NOT ACCURATE
----> heaps of innocent found guilty and vice versa
Respiration rate
skin conductance
--> high if aroused
cardiovescular activity
--> high if aroused
Neuroendocrine nervous system
#
--> pineal
--> pituitary
--> thyroid
--> thymus
--> adrenal
--> pancreas
--> ovaries / testes
Hypothalamus
--> sends info to pituitary
#
Magnocellular neurons (to posterior)
--> no direct connection blood vessel from hypothalamus that connects to posterior pituitary
--> neurons from paraventricular nucleus + supraoptic nucleus
---> synapses on posterior pituitary bloodvessels
#
Parvocelluar neurons (to anterior)
---> synapses on portal vaine in hypothalamus
---> directly through portal system to anterior Pituitary
#
Pituitary
---> releases tropic hormones
Anterior
#
--> input from parvocelluar hypothalamus through hormone release in portal system
tropic hormons
--> acts on other glands in body
Gonads
--> Follicle-stimulationg- hormone (FSH)
-->Luteinizing-hormone (LH)
Thyroid
--> Thyroid-stimulating- hormone (TSH)
Adrenal glands
---> Adrenocortico tropic Hormone (ACTH)
non tropic hormones
--> acts on non glands
Growth hormone (GH)
--> stimulation protein synthesis
--> anabolic
--> increase during sleep
--> reduced during day
Prolactine
--> for milk in mothers
Posterior
--> release by magnocelluar neurons form hypothalamus that terminate on blood vessels here
oxycontin
--> bonding
vasopressin
--> constricts blood vessels
Gonads
--> produce steroid hormones
--> chicken experiment
if testes removed chicken stays small
if testes removed, then u´put back in = normal development
--> to see if hormone affects behavior always needed (removal, observation, restauration/replacement)
Ovaries
--> estrogen
--> progestin
Testes
--> testosteron
Adrenal glands
--> on top of kidneys
--> in stress response = cortisol + adrenaline
Steroids
-->
cortisol
energy release, anti inflammatory)
-->
aldosterone
(sodium reuptake [kidneys])
important for thirst
Aminoacids / hormons
-->
adrenaline, noradrenaline
increased heartrate + blood pressure
glycogenelisis (glycogen to glucose)
Pineal gland
--> melatonin
--> circadian rhythm (differs with season)
--> the shorter the day the longer the nights the more melantonin
Hormones
--> act in different ways
--> explusion in bursts
-->
can be slow acting
(metabotropic receptors, g protein, gene expression change)
or fast acting (ionreceptors)
--> behavior influences hormone release
--> feedback loops to regulate their own release
Endocrine
--> release in bloodstream
--> distal targets (eg tropic hormones)
Autocrine
--> acts on releasing cell itself
Paracrine
--> acts on cells around the releasing cell (diffusion after release at spine)