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Unit 3: Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table (Periodic Table: Families…
Unit 3: Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
Periodic Table: Families (Physical and Chemical Properties)
Carbon Family (C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb)
Nitrogen Family (N, P, As, Sb, Bi)
Boron Family (B, Al, Ga, In, Tl)
Chemical Properties
Oxidative
Valence State 3
Physical Properties
Oxygen Family (O, S, Se, Te, Po)
Transition Metals
Halogens F, Cl, Br, I, At)
Alkaline-Earth Metals (Be, Mg, Ca, Ba, Ra)
Chemical Properties
Highly Electropositive: Oxidative State 2+
Forms solid Carbonates
Strong reducing agents
Physical Properties
High Melting Point
Burn brightly
Soft, light Metals
Noble Gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn)
Alkali Metals (H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr)
Chemical Properties
Strong reducing agents
Highly Electropositive: Oxidative State 1+
Highly Reactive, especially with halogens
Physical Properties
Low melting and boiling points
Generally, soft light Metals
Highly Malleable and Ductile
Rare-Earth Metals
Components of the Atom
Electron
Charge (-)
9.109x10^-31 Kg
Subatomic Particle outside Nucleus (Electron Cloud)
Proton
Charge (+)
1.67x10^-27kg
Subatomic Particle in Nucleus
Neutron
Charge (0)
1.67x10^-27 kg
Subatomic Particle in Nucleus
Periodic Trends
Ionization Energy
Energy required for remove an electron from an atom's gaseous state
Trend: Increases from Bottom -Top, Left-Right
Electron Affinity
Energy that is released when an atom gains an electron(s).
Trend: Increases from Left - Right
Electronegativity
The ability of an atom to attract or gain electron(s)
Trend: Increases from Bottom - Top, Left - Right
Atomic Radii
Distance measured in picometers
Trend: Increases from Right -Left, Top - Bottom
Scientists
Ernest Rutherford
Gold Foil Experiment
Determined that the atom is mostly empty space
John Dalton
1803: Proposed Atomic Theory
Atoms of given element are identical in size, mass and other properties
Atoms cannot be subdivided, created or destroyed
Elements are made of extremely small particles called atoms
Atoms of different elements combine in simple whole-number ratios to form chemical compounds
In chemical reactions, atoms are combined, separated, or rearranged
J.J. Thompson
Discovered charge to mass ratio of electron
e/m = -1.76x10^8 C/g
Nobel Prize in Physics 1906
Plum Pudding Model
Amedeo Avogadro
Described the number of particles in a substance
1mole = 6.022x10^23 particles
Based on 12g Carbon =Avogadro's Number
Robert Millikan
Determined the magnitude of the charge on a single electron
Calculated the mass of electron 9.109x10^-31kg
Nobel Prize in Physics in 1923
