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Nick- Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl SCOTUS case Podcast (Participatory…

- - - - Parents who were Choctaw indians placed their twin child up for adoption. The children were not born on the reservation, but the parents did, and they all lived there. The court decided that the adoption order was invalid, and even with the parents consent, they had to stay with them.
        
        SHOULD HAVE KEPT GOING ON THE CASE PRECEDENT HERE.
  - - - ICWA does not apply to custody disputes between parents or family members, juvenile delinquency proceedings based on crimes that would be criminal even if the child was an adult, or to cases under tribal court jurisdiction.
- - - - Federal policy was enshrined in the General Allotment (Dawes) Act of 1887 which decreed that Indian Reservation land was to be divided into plots and allocated to individual Native Americans.
        
        the U.S. government invested in infrastructure, health care, and education on the reservations. Likewise, over two million acres of land were returned to various tribes.
        
        In 1868, President Ulysses S. Grant pursued a "Peace Policy" as an attempt to avoid violence and to remove corrupt Indian agents, who supervise reservations, and replace them with Christian missionaries, whom he deems morally superior.
        
        By the time Christopher Columbus reached the Caribbean in 1492, historians estimate that there were 10 million indigenous peoples living in U.S. territory. But by 1900, the number had reduced to less than 300,000.
        
        In 1831 the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, John Marshall, had attempted to define their status. He declared that Indian tribes were ‘domestic dependent nations’ whose ‘relation to the United States resembles that of a ward to his guardian’. Marshall was, in effect, recognising that America’s Indians are unique in that, unlike any other minority, they are both separate nations and part of the United States.
    - - the reservations cover 52 million acres of the Indian trust land