Family Dysfunction:
:black_small_square: The schizophrenogenic mother - Reichmann (1948) proposed that many of her patients had a schizophrenogenic mother during childhood that has caused their schizophrenia, which are described as cold, rejecting and controlling. These mothers create tension and secrecy in a household, leading to distrust and eventually paranoid delusions (symptom of SZ)
:black_small_square: Double-bind theory - Bateson et al. (1972) emphasised communication within a family by explaining that the developing child can easily fear that they are doing the wrong thing and are unable to seek clarification. When love is taken away from the child for doing the wrong thing, this can change the child's view of the world, leaving them confused and able to form paranoid delusions
:black_small_square: Expressed emotion (EE) When a carer verbally criticises, is hostile or becomes emotionally over-involved with the patient, the patient can experience great stress and obtain dysfunctional thinking