Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Mitigation measures in Singapore and other countries (methods of…
Mitigation measures in Singapore and other countries (methods of mitigation)
Regulation
Zoning
A way in which the government plans the physical development of the land and its uses
Zoning laws often specify the areas where residential, industrial, commercial or recreational activities may take place
Flood prone areas are often zoned as low value developments such as parks and has activities that bring in less income
Cities are likely to suffer fewer economic losses in the event of floods
Zoning creates spaces of green areas (like parks and fields) that improve the scenery and help to reduce the impact of flood damage
Zoning may limit the development of available land because only certain land uses are permitted
Zoning is difficult to carry out because of competing land uses and because people may not abide by the recommended land use
Elevated properties
Used to reduce impact of floods by elevating or raising certain properties to a certain height
MINIMUM PLATFORM LEVEL
MPL is higher in areas with previous flood history and lower in those who no flood history
MPLs are revised there are changes to the highest recorded flood level
Imposed on new and existing developments
Development is protected against floods up to the height of the MPL
It is challenging to implement MPL because of increased cost of development
Investment in infrastructure
Levees and floodwalls
Barriers against floods and protect development from water
Levees are raised river banks which can be natural or man-made
Floodwalls are man-made structures made out of concrete
Built higher than the floodplains and rivers so that they can help keep out floodwater
It is cheaper to build levees and floodwalls as methods of flood mitigation compared to raising the height of surrounding land
Regular maintenance is required to ensure that levees and floodwalls are strong enough to hold back floodwater
Levees and floodwalls are unable to prevent floods beyond a certain designated level
Channel improvement
Changes made to a river channel or canal to increase its capacity to hold water or to enable the water to flow quickly
River channels and canals can be widened and deepened so that they can carry more storm water away
They can also be straightened to allow water to be carried away quickly
These is meant to prevent water in the river channels and canals from overflowing
There is a limit to changes that can be made to the river channels and canals as channel improvement is difficult to carry out when the land next to the river is already used for other purposes
A city will also need to improve its network of river channels and canals if channel improves is to be effective in mitigating floods
Channel improvement may create problems for areas upstream or downstream of the improved areas
Channel improvements make it possible for moderate-value and high-value developments to take place on the land adjacent to river channels and canals
Disaster preparedness
Forecasting and warning system
To reduce flood risks, cities may put a forecasting and warning system in place
For forecasting to be accurate, there needs to be monitoring
A forecast is made based on the information collected
Water levels (river channels, canals), tide levels (sea) and surrounding weather conditions
Equipment such as cameras, water level sensors and weather instruments
As well as remote sensing techniques and even GIS (Geographic information systems)
A forecasting system provides useful information so that there is time for people to take action and minimise flood damage
Cities may not have the expertise and technology to collect accurate data and make accurate flood forecasts
Evacuation drills
Cities (since they have a large population) need to have a plan to evacuate a large number of people in the shortest possible amount of time
Creates awareness among the people and reduce panic during a flood event
People are educated on what to do when a flood warning is recieved
Limited participation will reduce the effectiveness of an evacuation drill
Evacuation drills will enable cities to improve their flood evacuation plans