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The Fallacies and Ethical Argument (Fallacies in Logic (Begging The…
The Fallacies and Ethical Argument
Fallacies in Logic
Begging The Question: No support is provided by the arguer who is begging the question, and the claim is simply restated, over and over again, in one form or another
Red Herring: A
red herring
provides irrelevant and misleading support that pulls the audience away from the real argument.
Non Seqitur:
Non sequitur
is Latin for 'it does not follow.' in this type of fallacy, the conclusion does not follow from the evidence and the warrant.
Straw Man: A
straw man
involves attributing an argument to an opponent that the opponent never made the then refuting it in a devastating way.
Stacked Evidence: Using
Stacked evidence
to represent only one side of an issue that clearly has two sides gives a distorted impression of the issue.
Manufactured Evidence: Using fake or
manufactured evidence
to prove a claim will discredit an entire argument and ruin the reputation of the individual who makes it up.
Unreliable or Insufficient Evidence: Evidence should be verifiable, which means you should be able to look it up in another source and find the same information.
Exaggerated or Oversimplified Evidence
Distorted Statistics:
Distorted statistics
can occur when statistics are manipulated or changed so that they appear to support a claim when, actually, they do not.
Either-Or: Some arguments are oversimplified by the arguer and presented as black-or-white,
either-or
choices when there are other alternatives.
Post Hoc:
Post hoc
is short for
post hoc,
ergo propter hoc,
a Latin phrase that translates as "after this, therefore because of this." To put it more simply,
post hoc
is the fallacy of faulty cause.
Hasty Generalization: Sometimes arguers "jump to conclusions" by basing a conclusion on too few examples; this is considered to be hasty generalization.
Fallacies That Affect Character or Ethos
Ad Hominem:
Ad hominem
means "to the man" in Latin. An
ad hominem
argument attacks a person's character rather than a person's ideas or policies.
Guilty by Association: The fallacy of
guilt by association
suggests that people's character can be judged by examining the character of their associates
Using Authority Instead of Evidence: This is a variation of begging the question.
Emotional Fallacies
Bandwagon Appeal: The
bandwagon appeal
fallacy centers on the claim that everyone is doing something, so you should too.
Slippery Slope: The
slippery-slope
fallacy is a scare tactic that suggest that if we allow one thing to happen, we will immediately be sliding down a slippery slope to disaster.
Creating False Needs: Emotional proofs, as you have learned, appeal to what people value and think they need.
Distorted Emotional Appeal: Irrelevant and unrelated emotional examples or stories that are unrelated to the subject are sometimes used to try to prove a point.
Ethics and Morality in Argument