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American Higher Education (Colleges of the Early National Period…
American Higher Education
Colonial College
Modeled after Oxford and Cambridge
Harvard
controlled by church, main teaching method was lecture
Baccalaureate: Greek and Latin, theology, natural philosophy, and mathematics
Professional education: law, medicine, philosophy
Yale
College of William and Mary (1963) Princeton (1746), King's College (1754), U Penn (1779)
Colleges of the Early National Period
University of Virginia
Disconnected from church and funded by the state
Curriculum include science
Women's Education
Emma Willard
Pushed women's higher educational rights and established schools for women
Teacher education program
Mary Lyon
Pushed women's higher educational rights and established schools for women
Mount Holyoke: Believed women could achieve same scholastic level as men
African American Education
Fisk University: One of the first black colleges
W.E.B. Du Bois - Black historian and sociologist
Land-Grant Colleges
Establish state universities
Ordinance of 1785
Sixteenth section of township in NW Territory reserved for education
Ordinance of 1787
Gave revenue from sale of federal land for financial aid
Area Specific: Military academies, special needs, freed slaves
Utilitarian Schools
Agricultural and mechanical education
The Morrill Act
Land or money so that every state can have at least one college for agricultural and mechanical education
Schools added professional schools: agriculture, engineering, education, nursing, social work, dentistry
Modern Universities
Charles Eliot of Harvard University
Undergraduate electives to yield a broader range of courses and a more specified study
Specialized courses for graduate education
German Influence
Professors conducted original research mentoring a few graduate students
W.E.B Du Bois studied in Germany and brought back the element of interaction and experimentation in higher education - steering away from traditional lecture
Original research in graduate study
GI Bill
Servicemen's Readjustment Act
(1944)
WWII veterans trying to find their niche in peacetime
Provided healthcare, loans for businesses, educational provisions
Education: one year of federal aid (but up to four) and can be applied to books, rent, supplied, etc.
Vets did not meet typical college requirements
College Entrance Board Exams
Colleges added intro courses (needed by vets) and summer school
In 1966 adjusted to be extended not only to wartime vets but to all servicemen
Junior College
"[U]pward extension of high school and a downward extension of the four-year college."
Higher education without leaving home
Community College
Improve quality of smaller institutions by first two years (general education) be at a junior college and the next to be at a university
Community College
Curriculum meet social, civic, and economic needs
Community College