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LAYERS (Data Link (Framing
Physical addressing
Flow control (hop-to…
LAYERS
Data Link
- Framing
- Physical addressing
- Flow control (hop-to-hop)
- Error control (hop-to-hop)
- Access control
- Ethernet
- Wi-Fi
- ISDN (Integrated Services for Digital Network
- Responsible for transmitting frames from one node to the next
Transport
- TCP (Transmission Control Point)
- Connection oriented protocol: establishes a logical connection between two hosts
- Flow control, error control
- Reliable protocol
- UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
- Connectionless: does not establish protocol
- Does not provide flow or error control
- Less overhead
- Best effort model
- Not reliable
- The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a vehicle for accessing the World Wide Web (WWW)
- The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is used for transferring files from one host to another
- The Terminal Network (TELNET)and Secure Shell (SSH) are used for accessing a site remotely
- The Domain Name System (DNS) is used by other protocols to find the network-layer address of a computer
- The Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is used by an administrator to manage the Internet at global and local levels
- The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)is used to collect membership in a group
- Responsible for delivery of a message from one process to another
- Port addressing >> (HTTP:80), (HTTPS:443), (FTP:20)
- Segmentation and reassembly>>Take the data from application and make the segments
- Connection control >> Establishes a logical connection b/w 2 processes by creating a logical pipe b/w two TCPs before transferring of data
- Flow control (end-to-end) >> matching the sending data rate of the source host with the receiving data rate of the destination host to prevent overwhelming the destination
- Error control (end-to-end) >> guarantee that the segments arrive at the destination without error and resending the corrupted ones
Session
- Responsible for establishing, managing and terminating connections between applications
- Interaction management >> Simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex
- Session close, open, recovery
Network
- Host to Host communication >> Requires source and destination address
- Routing>> packets from different routers choosing the best route
- Internet Protocol (IP) >> Defines the format of the datagram
- Auxiliary Protocols
- ICMP: The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) helps IP to report some problems when routing a packet.
- DHCP: The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) helps IP to get the network-layer address for a host.
- ARP: The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a protocol that helps IP to find the link-layer address of a host or a router when it its link-layer address is given
- Responsible for the delivery of packets from the original source to the destination
Physical
- Responsible for transmitting individual bits from one node to the next. The bit stream is converted to a physical signal that is transmitted over a hardware transmission medium
- Physical characteristics of interfaces and media
- Representation of bits
- Data rate (transmission rate)
- Synchronization of bits
Presentation
- Responsible for handling differences in data representation to applications
- Data translation
- Encryption
- Decryption
- Compression
Application
- Responsible for providing services to the user