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Rise of Independent West Africa (Nigeria and the Nigerian-Biafran War…
Rise of Independent West Africa
Ghana, Pan-Africanism, and
Kwame Nkrumah
Kwame Nkrumah
Helped
Ghana
Independence :
1957
Born in Western
Gold Coast
Went to college in
Acra
then
Lincoln University
and
University of Pennsylvania
Attended the
Fifth Pan-Africanist
Conference
in England
Met the
United
Gold Coast Convention
Represented Lawyers and businessmen,
not everyday Africans
Worked for them in
1948
Formed the
Convention People’s Party
in
1949
President
of independent
Ghana on
March 6, 1957
Founder of the
Non-Aligned
Nations movement
Didn't take sides during the
Cold War
End of Imperialism
Peaceful
Lybian
Independence :
1951
Celebrated
after independence
Violent
Algeria (France)
Kenya (GB)
Congo (Belgium)
1974 - Angola, Mozambique,Cape Verde, Guinea-Bisseau (Portugal)
Losers emigrated and winners tried to eliminate rest of the losers
USA/USSR offered aid in return for votes in UN, trade agreements, and alliances(
Cold War
)
Problems of Independence
Europeans had divided Africa without regard to ethnic groups
One group
, such as the Tuareg of Algeria, Mali, Niger, and Mauritania were
spread among different countries
Enemy groups
were also put
in the same country
Economics
Africa exported
raw materials
, so had
little industrialization
African countries were
impoverish
Governments had
biggest source of wealth
. People within government are "
insiders
"
Instability
Military rule
replaced democracy in many places
Léopold Senghor
served as president from
1960-1980
Between
1963 and 1968
there were
sixty-four military revolts
Nigeria and the Nigerian-Biafran War
Nigeria became independent in 1960
Tensions would lead to military control in 1966
Colonel Chukwuemeka Odumegwu-Ojukwu
led secession of southeastern Nigeria- Republic of Biafra
General Yakubu Gowon
led campaign to reunify Nigeria
Military control ends in 1970's
1980's- military rule returns and does not end until 1999 elections
Challenges to National Unity in Mali
Gov. provided northerners with extra autonomy to maintain national unity
Independence won from France 1960, gov. taken over by military officer (1968-1991).... 3 presidential elections.
2011 revolution in Libya
Democracy in Independent Africa
Political campaigns were costly and prevented national unity
African nations would become single-party states with support from USSR
oil crises would result in oil producing nations- Angola & Nigeria
fall of Berlin Wall- 1989
mass movements to overthrow powerful governments
long time rulers were overthrown or would resign
Challenges to Economic Independence in Ghana
"African Success story"
Akosombo Dam
Known for locally made, high quality Kente
One quarter of Ghana's Kente cloth was manufactured in Ghana (2007)
China duplicated = demand decline in demand of cotton grown in Ghana
Globalization and Africa
Globalization
creation of systems to overcome distance and allow ideas and goods to be shared faster and more efficiently