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History: Chap 7 & 8 (Reactions of People to Independence (Political…

- - - - Diversifying Economy
        
        Developing SG's infrastructure
        
        Banking: Improved banking industry to provide MNCs and companies with bank services. By 1973, 25 international and 11 local bank were operating in SG
        
        Utilities: Public Utilities Board (set up in 1963) improved water supply, electricity, gas supply distributed to households and industries. This allowed factories to run better and living conditions of people to improve
        
        Telecommunications: Telecoms systems improved, so industries could communicate better and faster. An average of 10 000 telephones were installed per year in the 1960s
        
        Air, Sea, Land Transport: Paya Lebar airport was expanded to handle more cargo to support the exporting of goods/facilitate tourism. Port of Singapore Authority set up in order to manage port operations, new port established at Tanjong Pagar to import and export more goods. Roads were improved and expressways were built to connect the housing estates to the industrial estates for smoother business
        
        Education: In 1969, technical education was introduced to secondary schools to provide skilled manufacturing workers. More schools were built and more teachers were trained to improve the quality of education
        
        Developing Finance and Tourism Industries:
        
        Tourism
        
        Singapore Tourism Promotion Board set up in 1964, to promote SG as a holiday destination. Attractions (like the Singapore Zoo, Jurong Bird Park) were developed and important cultural sites (like Chinatown, Kampong Glam) were conserved. This was done to attract tourists to SG
        
        This allowed tourist numbers to double between 1970 to 1974
        
        Finance
        
        The Monetary Authority of Singapore was established to develop policies that grew the financial sector (like establishing the SG dollar etc)
        
        Stock Exchange Singapore was set up, public could now invest in both local businesses and MNCs and trade stocks, allowing the companies to gain funds to expand and grow
        
        Allowed SG to:
        
        Gain additional source of income, as tourists created jobs and brought foreign currency
        
        Attracts foreign companies to SG, as companies can easily obtain loans and access to money exchanging services. Banking facilities are also readily accessible
        
        Provide more jobs, as finance sector is more developed
        
        Developing Manufacturing Industries: Using incentives (like low tax, cheap land), SG attracted Multi-National Corporations (MNCs) to set up factories here. By 1966, there were 26 MNCs and local enterprises set up, employing a total of over 19 000 workers.
        
        Industrial Estates were set up by the Economic Development Board to attract MNCs. This made space for the factories set up by the corporations. This included Jurong Industrial Estate, which had factories producing myriad products, like hair wigs and toys
        
        Reduced unemployment: Factories set up created jobs
    - - Dying entrepot trade: Less countries were engaging in trade, so SG had to find another source of $
      - Neighbouring countries (eg Malaysia) implementing tariffs on Singapore exported goods, thus difficult for SG to export goods
  - - - Citizenship: Many people qualified for Malaysian citizenship, so govt had to appeal to people to apply for SG citizenship
    - - Housing
        
        Relocating people: People were relocated to other areas from the city centre area.
        
        Improving public utilities: New flats included modern toilet facilities, electricity and water supply. Proper waste disposal chutes were also constructed, attracting people to settle down in SG
        
        Building more flats: The govt sought to build 53 000 flats, to house more people and solve the overcrowding problem. New housing estates like Queenstown and Toa Payoh were also set up
      - Introduction of National Symbols
        
        A method to create common identity between people, creating a sense of belonging between them. The pledge was written and students had to recite it every morning. This made more people understand what is meant to be SGrean, become proud to be SGrean and also bond people together
  - - - Faced security threats: Due to surrounding countries threatening to attack SG, or war going on in neighbouring countries (eg Konfrontasi, Vietnam War)
      - Lack of strong defence force: Small army with only 2 full-time service battalions, small police force only amounting to 5000 people, no air force and only 2 old gunboats. SG was unable to defend itself well in the case of any threats
      - Withdrawal of British troops: The British withdrew their troops from SG by 1971, so SG was left with an even weaker defence force, as it did not have enough people to replace the ~26 000 British soldiers
    - - National Service: Upon the establishment of the Ministry of Defence, male citizens aged 18 were required to serve National Service for 2 years. This allowed the force to be built up quickly
      - Military cooperation with other countries: SG, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia, Britain agreed to conduct joint military exercises and consult each other in the event of SG or MY facing threats. This was agreed upon in the Five Power Defence Arrangements, signed in 1971
      - Establishing military industries: Chartered Industries Singapore was set up to manufacture weapons and ammunition to the newly set up SAF. This reduced SG's reliance on other countries for weapons in battle