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CGW4UI (Unit 3: Interdependence (Vocabulary (Economic sectors (Primary…
CGW4UI
Unit 3: Interdependence
Colonialism
Characteristics of developing countries
A former European colony
Resources were made to serve the occupying power; usually food and raw materials
Often had stronger economies in the 1970s
Enormous debts to developed countries
History
1400-1500s European powers (France, Britain, Spain, Portugal) usually for trade & trade routes (coffee, tea, spices, cotton, tobacco, etc.)
England
Australia was penal state
They basically just colonised everyone
France
Took over a fair amount of islands in the Caribbean, Vietnam, Senegal, Morocco
Netherlands
The Dutch got some of the Caribbean too, parts of Asia and South Africa
Impacts / Implications
Civil wars / Genocide
Foreign political systems were imposed, resulting in conflict
Loss of land / Development of land tenure
#
Before; resources were shared, then when Europeans showed up, they just took over land
Loss of culture / language / religion
Colonial powers & Private ownership
No one had the land they had before, it was taken away and made for cheap source of labour
They developed infrastructure and transportation, but typically only for trade routes, not for the people
Trade
Settlers would sell the cash crops tended to by local slaves
#
#
Environmental disasters
Settlers would build on the most effective soil, move the locals to the least effective land. They would farm until all the nutrients was sucked out of the soil, and switch around
They didn't care too much for the environment, causing ecological problems
Impositions
New countries were built, ignoring tribal or cultural boundaries
New language
Local culture became inferior and was often changed (think of cricket in India)
Neo-Colonialism
WWI & WWII sparked decolonisation
Rather than taking over land, we use political, economic power, and cultural influences to dominate manufactured products, foreign aid, etc
It's cheap labour widespread instead of full blown slavery in particular places
Vocabulary
Colonialism
When a country had full or partial control over another country
Settlers
#
France, Britain, Spain, Portugal
Trade
Economic exploitation
Land tenure
Before; resources were shared, then when Europeans showed up, they just took over land
Cash crops
Spices, furs, cotton, sugar, cocoa, coffee, bananas
Economic sectors
Primary
agriculture, mining and other natural resource industries
Secondary
manufacturing, engineering and construction
Tertiary
service industries
Quaternary
intellectual activities involving education and research
Multinational corporations
One company, multiple plants over multiple nations, usually developed in the US, plants in developing countries.
Eg. Walmart, McDonalds, Starbucks, etc
ODA / IDA
Official development assistance / International development assistance
Multilateral aid
food, medicine, etc. Provided through governments or NGOs
Bilateral aid
Direct help from one government to another, usually financial
OECD
Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development
Tied aid
Aid that's given with strings attached
Foreign exchange
The means / ability to purchase from another country. Can get from:
purchasing
; credit card,
earning
; trading,
borrowing
; bonds
Rostow's Theory of Economic Development
Based on developed countries' development
Stage 1: Traditional society
Low level technology
Agricultural based economy, intensive labour
Power / wealth in the hands of a select few
Population growth is limited (Phase 1 of Demographic Transition Model) due to natural causes
Low GDP
Stage 2: Preconditions for Takeoff
Lots of technology
Trading! Thus, more productive farming
Population increase (Phase 2 of Demographic Transition Model)
Increase in infrastructure (banks, transport, communication)
Urbanisation kicks in
Stable central government
Surplus of wealth starts
Stage 3: Economic Takeoff
Manufacturing becomes primary (eg. England & textiles)
Population growth slows (Phase 3 of Demographic transition model) due to literacy rate, education, health care, etc
Tertiary sector expands
Continued rise of GDP
Stage 4: Drive to Maturity
All economic sectors are represented
Technology takes action
Economy id diverse, but tertiary is dominant
Increases in the quality of life, health care, urban population, birth rate and death rate
High GDP (Stage 4 of Demographic transition model)
Travel & recreation increase
Stage 5: Age of High Mass Consumption
Almost entirely services and tertiary based economy
Finances & government services flourish (lets go to space!!)
Development of quaternary services continues
International trade is a huge part of the economy
Quality of life increases
Society starts realising that this isn't good for the planet
Mass production & materialism
Society of affluence (Stage 4 or 5 of the Demographic transition model)
Canada and US are good examples
Multinational Corporations
#
Biggest industries
1987: Cars
2014: CHINA. banks
How it works
Head office
Management & high wages
Gives instructions in developed countries, sends off to developing countries
Branch plants
Almost entirely low skilled labourers
Management staff to set it up and oversee
Gets instructions from the head office, build and assemble, sell to developed countries
Why they go to developing countries?
Human rights aren't valued there
Environmental controls are low priority
Cheap labour laws are low priority
They can avoid labour laws in developed countries
Cheap land
Governments want MNCs, they give tax breaks and other incentives to encourage
Impacts
Positive impacts
Cheaper products available
Export of technology
Higher earnings for investing companies
Cheap jobs
Helps build infrastructure
Increased technology
Helps economy through exports
Negative impacts
Loss of tax revenues
Loss of jobs to nations overseas (outsourcing)
Environmental impacts felt worldwide
Pollution due to lax environmental laws
Labour issues
Work conditions
Poor wages
Corruption by government might be furthered with MNC involvement
Uneven benefits , rich get richer
Aid & Development
Tied aid
#
Developed countries give aid, but make rules that the aid has to be spent on products from their country
Canada and US are the worst for doing this, but in 2008 we untied food aid budget
Country rankings
Biggest givers in volume
Germany
UK
France
Japan
USA
USA spends so much damn money on their military tho
Biggest givers in GNI %
Sweden
UAE
Norway
Luxembourg
Denmark
Canada's foreign aid
3 criteria
What are their needs?
What is their ability to benefit meaningfully from Canada's assistance?
How do they align with Canada's foreign policy?
We focus on
Increasing food security, food, nutrition, sustainable small scale agricultural development
Securing the future of children and youth; health and education of kids and women
Stimulating sustainable economic growth
Difficulties in foreign aid
Political bias
European countries give to former colonies
The developed Americas give to the developing Americas
Nations with nothing to offer get no aid
IDA
Assistance was given to developing nations just to get off the ground, they were expected to do their own thing afterwards
You don't get a say in what you get
Because every dollar of a loan has to be paid off, that's where all profits of a country go, not to the actual development of the nation
Links between rich and poor countries
Trade
It benefits us more than them; coffee, clothing, fruit made in developing nations
Medical
Epidemics are spread between countries; SARS outbreak or AIDS outbreak
Environmental
Loss of rain forests; carbon - global warming - climate change -
traffic emissions
Economic
Other countries currency value changes exports. eg. Canada's herring & death rate (strong CAD + weak Peso makes no trade)
Security
Our perception of the security & stability of the world, once 9/11 happened, people started realising reality, it's not as far away as you think. Airports and travel
Globalisation
Types of globalisation
Financial
Reflects what happens in world cities that have significant financial markets; stock markets affect eachother
Economic
In the past, corporations were identified with one country eg. General Motors, but now have operations worldwide. They move products & seek new markets anywhere beneficial
Technological
Has occurred due to the growth of communication and computer technology over the last 50 years. In the past, most benefits were only in developed countries, but now everyone is benefiting
Cultural
The gradual harmonisation of the world's cultures (at expense of local cultures) through TV, movies, music, food, etc
Benefits
Promotes goodwill in all countries
Better access to better products and more products
Promotes economic activity; better wages, more jobs
Developed countries investing developing countries
Diminishing the borders, more trade & movement
The sharing of cultures, information, languages, and resources
Improving economies allows governments to create social systems
Concerns
Leads to the promotion of western culture in other places
brings down small businesses / companies
greater competition
Decrease in jobs at home
Environmental concerns
Exploitation of cheap labour
Institutions
World Bank
Since 1968 has been focusing on low-cost loans for health, education, and other basic needs of the world's poor
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Make loans so that countries can maintain the value of their currencies and repay foreign debt
IMF & World Bank impose certain conditions; detailed instructions on what countries have to do bring their economies under control
These conditions are geared towards
Deregulation: removing rules that restrict companies
Trade liberalisation: open local markets to foreign goods by removing trade barriers
World Trade Organisation (WTO)
Is an international trade organisation working to help lower tariffs and to encourage trade
Trade agreement are negotiated / enforced
Group of 8 (G8)
An informal group of eight countries
Canada, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Russia, UK, US
Focus on broad economic development and foreign policies including Africa's development and global climate change
International Labour Organisation (ILO)
Encourage employees, labour, and government to establish a minimum standard in areas of wages, hours of work, safety, social security, and worker compensation
Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA -2016)
CETA was signed on October 30, 2016 between the European Union and Canada
The purpose is to boost trade and strengthen economic relations between Canada and the EU and to create jobs
Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP)
12 Member countries, signed February 4, 2016
Canada, USA, Mexico, Peru, Chile, Japan, Vietnam, Singapore, Brunei, Malaysia, Australia, New Zealand.
Unit 2: Population Disparities
Demographic terminology
Birth rate (BR)
the number of births in a country per 1000 population per year
formula:
1000(number of births/population)
BR>30 is high, BR<15 is low. Canada: 10.3
Death rate (DR)
the number of deaths in a country per 1000 population per year
formula:
1000(number of deaths/population)
DR>30 is high, DR<15 is low. Canada: 8.7
Rate of natural increase (RNI/NIR)
difference between BR & DR
formula:
birth rate - death rate
RNI>2% is bad, RNI<1% is good. Canada: 0.16%
Emigration rate (ER)
the number of people who permanently leave a country
formula:
1000(number of emigrants/population)
Immigration rate (IR)
the number of people who permanently move to a country
formula:
1000(number of immigrants/population)
Net migration rate (NMR)
the difference between IR and ER
formula:
immigration rate - emigration rate
Canada: 0.57%
Population growth rate
the rate at which a country's population is changing
formula:
rate of natural increase - net migration rate
PGR>2% is high. Canada: 0.76%
Dependency Load
the % of a country's population who are 15> and <65 years of age who must be supported by the independent, working population
formula:
1000[(population under 15 + population over 65) / total population]
Infant mortality rate (IMR)
the number of infants who die in their first year of life for every 1000 births
formula:
1000(number of infant deaths / total number of births)
IMR>80 is high, IMR<15 is low
Total fertility rate (TFR)
#
the average number of children a woman will have in her fertile years, 15<45 (assuming birth rate doesn't change)
TFR>5 is high, TFR<2 is low
Rule of 70
how we calculate how long a population would take to double (or half)
formula:
70 / population growth rate
Canada: 92 years
Fertility / Birth Rates
4th World
Why so many children?
Lack of contraceptives
Parents need manual labour
High infant mortality rates
#
Status and pride with big families
Parents need help in old age
African leaders believe their countries are underpopulated
Changes in funding
Fertility rates are the highest in Subsaharan Africa, 4.94 average, Niger: 6.78
1st World
Declining birth rates (1.4 Italy, 1.8 USA)
Why so few children?
Money: raising children is costly, housing in Europe is expensive
Maternal/Paternal leave
Women aren't housewives anymore
Quality of care vs. quantity of children
Not as religious
Variety and availability of contraceptives
Cost of raising and educating children is rough
Cultural materialism
How do we keep economies growing with declining birth rates?
Increase immigration rates
Increase birth rates with financial incentives in social services (Quebec, Germany, Finland, Sweden, Russia)
Population Rates
Optimistic views on population growth
Cornocopian
Believe that humans will find technological innovations that will produce an increase in the Earth's carrying capacity.
eg. industrial revolution
DJ Bogue
In the 1960s described the theory of demographic regulation. States over time a population naturally limits its' own population, and will only grow in response to the Earth's ability to support it.
Pessimistic views on population growth
Thomas Mathus: Exponential Growth of Population (1798)
Widespread starvation, overcrowding, lack of sanitation, and increased crime is a result of population increase. So we need "population checks" like war, famine, natural disaster, and disease.
He thought that population would increase "geometrically" (1, 2, 4, 8, 16) while food supply would increase "arithmetically" (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
It never happened because of the industrial revolution being able to accommodate.
William Catton: Carrying Capacity
Earth can only sustain a certain number of population. Exceeding that carrying capacity produces a "phantom carrying capacity" and economic and ecological systems must collapse.
Paul Ehrlich
Believed that rapid population growth would cause mass famine & economic catastrophe
Didn't happen because food production increased faster than population.
Focuses on the over consumption of the rich "our reliance on technology will only postpone our problems, not solve them"
Demographic Transition Model
Shows the changes of a country from high birth & death rates to low birth & death rates.
Ted Talk: Hans Rosling
Phase 1: High Functioning Stage / High Stationery Stage
Birth & death rate fluctuate: low growth
Life expectancy is low (40-50)
Characteristic of pre-industrial societies. (No country in this stage)
Phase 2: Early Expansion Stage
Birth Rate stays high, death rate starts declining, NIR gap gets larger, population explosion
IMR starts declining & life expectancy increases (50-60), health care, food, literacy
4th or 5th world
Phase 3: Late Expanding Stage
BR starts declining, DR stays low, low IMR
LE increases (60-70)
RNI starts declining, pop stays high, fertility rates decline
Increasing desire for material wealth
Greater industrialisation & mechanisation
3rd world
Phase 4: Low Growth Stage / Low Stationery Stage
Br & DR are low, steady, pop growth is slow & stable
RNI is low, LE is awesome (70-80)
Economic and social changes, society is aging
1st world: Canada!
Phase 5: Declining Stage
Not part of the original model
BR is stable & begins to decline
DR begins to slowly rise and exceed BR, pop shrinks
Japan, Hungary, Germany, Italy
Asian Population Policies
Models
Structural Change Model
China and India forced people to adopt birth control
#
Government forces (or strongly encourages) population to change their behaviour
Change by Diffusion Model
Spread (or diffuse) new ideas and social norms
Kerala & India adopted birth control by obtaining educational information from various sources
#
India
Approach
1960s: Had quotas for said sterilisation and contraception
Early 1970s: Quotas turned for the worse; officials were punished and procedures were forced, doctors in trouble would kidnap people off the streets and sterilise them without consent
Late 1970s - 1980s: Government emphasised on education & stopped forced sterilization
1950s: Encouraged sterilisation & contraception
Impact
Male sterilisation is unpopular, and women distrust contraceptives
Huge
gender gap because families prefer boys
India focuses solely on education, aiming for a fertility rate of 2.1
2017 population: 1.3 billion
Female sterilisation is the most popular
It's education is 99%, but access is difficult for rural areas
Why Kerala Worked Out
They focused on education
Valued the status of women
Provided cheaper and easier access to health care
Land reform:
all
farmers had access to land
Role of government assumed the cost of education as a result of communist parties being elected
Sent workers off to oil rich countries such as Saudi Arabia to get money & integrate culture
China
Approach
1950s: Communist government pays families for children
1960s: Still somewhat encouraged large families
1979: One Child Policy
2000: One Child Policy seems successful
Present: Ageing population is a major concern
2015: One Child Policy Ended
Impact
Population growth slowed
One of the highest contraceptive use in the world
Fertility Rate dropped 5.8 - 1.8
Major
gender gap
Ageing population is a major concern
One Child Policy (1980 - 2015)
Enforcement
At the beginning: abortions/injections were forced up to 7 months in some cases
Needed to get permission to apply for a kid, based on your age and how long you were married from the government, first come, first serve
There was a quota per factory: Women were monitored by "Birth Control Coordinators". They were interviewed and physically examined monthly
"Granny Police" were hired by the government to help out in the house by doing chores while spying on the family, and reporting back any talk or hint about children and family planning
Rural families weren't so keen because this didn't allow them to have kids to work the farm
Exceptions: You could have 2
if
You lived in a city
and
if a parent was a single child
You lived in a rural area
and
the first child was a girl (1984-)
You are not Chinese, or are an ethnic minority such as Mongolian or Nepalese (ethnic minorities made up 8% of the population)
Parents are over 30 and adopted
First child was handicapped or died at an early age
Divorced & remarried someone without children
Multiple births such as twins
Perks & Punishments
Followers
Got better health care, education, better housing, financial bonuses, and extra maternity leave
Rebels
Pay back any financial aid they got from the first kid, lose health care, education, pay three times more for kindergarten, fines from 4-10x your income, wage cut, job loss, ostracised socially
Impact
400 million less births
Rural fertility rate 2.5, urban fertility rate 1.3
Fertility rate
1970:
5.47,
1978
: 2.98,
2012
: 1.66
336 million abortions
196 million sterilisations
"Little Emperor/Empress Syndrome"
Overflow of orphanages
Falsified documents (claiming two kids to be twins)
Having babies somewhere else such as Hong Kong
Huge
gender imbalance, baby girls were aborted
Age dependency ratio
Urban Population Growth & Slums
Slums
Defined by not having one or more of the following
permanent building as a house/home
more than three to a room
easy access to safe, affordable water & proper sanitation
security of tenure
Causes
rapid
urbanisation
and cities not being able to accommodate
#
literally thousands of people moving to cities every day
Poor coordination amongst authorities
Solutions
United Nations is setting up schools, washroom facilities, health education programs on sanitation.
Working with governments on economic development / housing / roads / water / electricity / etc
Micro-entrepreneurship for women
Improving government infrastructure
Resettlement campaigns (but it doesn't actually work)
AMREF builds outhouses
Urbanisation
An effect of an imbalance of job opportunities between villages and cities, environmental conditions, and transportation
Rapid population boom in a short period of time causes
a supply demand imbalance in housing markets
lack of infrastructure (electricity, water, sewage)
Unit 1: Mapping the Globe; Social Change & Quality of Life
World Disparities
NGO
they are global organizations that are not part of the government of a country, are private, and funded 100% by donation
Ex. Greenpeace, World Wildlife Fund, Red Cross, World Vision, Me to We, etc.
non governmental organization
Canada's global connections: HDI
HDI: human development index
measures using standards or quality of life in a country
education, wealth, health/life expectancy
Calculation!
measured by the UN every 3 years
life expectancy at birth, adult literacy rate (15+), gross national income (GNI, the money made by a country / population)
Grouping Countries
Ethnocentrism
"judging other people or cultures based on your own set of values & beliefs"
Using terms such as "developing" implies that other countries are more developed
So what is "developing"?
availability of social services, wealth, quality of life
Classifications
More/Less Developed Core
Classification depends on how much the country benefitted from globalization (globalization = development) Canada, Germany
Bangladesh, Zambia, Colombia, haven't benefitted. Poorer, limited freedoms, corruption
Old/New Core
Same as more / less developed core
Old core: Canada, Western Europe
New core: Russia, Brazil, India
Near Core (Periphery/Far Periphery)
In the periphery are more globalized & closer to joining new core; Iran
In the far periphery are less globalized, farthest from the core Burundi, Ivory Coast
Developed/ Developing/ Underdeveloped
Economic development.
Developed/ Newly Industrialized/ Developing
Entirely economic, moving from agriculture to service/ industrial
North/ South
Geographic location: development is in the North not the South
First/ Second/ Third World
Development & political government
Five Worlds
Divides third world countries into three based on social, political, economic development
Fourth early stages of transition
Fifth little evidence starting the transition
Global Issues Definitions
Facts
Unbiased information of reality
Are objective & unarguable
Opinions
Are subjective & arguable
Are judgements & views about reality
Bias
The presentation of an issue from a single point of view
These words have great power to persuade the unwary towards other opinions
Perspective
A point of view; a way of looking at things situations, facts, etc.
The proper or accurate point of view or ability to see it, objectively
Doublespeak
Language constructed to disguise or distort its actual meaning
May be in the form of euphemisms or be ambiguous
Paradigm
Are the rules & conditions we use to understand those things we percieve
A set of assumptions, concepts, values, and practices that constitutes a way of viewing reality for the community that shares them
Ethnocentricity
The risk faces by those who hold this point of view is that they may consider any other ways of life but their own to be abnormal
These people belive their culture to be superior
Whenever the behaviour of another society or ethnic group is judged by the standards of one's own society or roup
Birth Dearth
Falling birth rates
UN sustainable development goals
Goals
Zero hunger
Good health and well being
Quality education
Gender equality
Clean water and sanitation
Affordable and clean energy
Decent work and economic growth
Industry, innovation, and infrastructure
Reduced inequalities
Sustainable cities and communities
Responsible consumption and production
Climate action
Life below water
Life on land
Peace, justice, and strong institutions
Partnerships for the goals
No poverty
From 2016 - 2030
A UN developed list of incentives and goals for all governments/private industries/citizens to work on together to build a happier, healthier, and just world