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Chapter 34- A New Era Begins (South/Southeast Asia (Social Changes…
Chapter 34- A New Era Begins
South/Southeast Asia
Social Changes
Reforms in India have been carried out in rural areas. These reforms focused on public works projects as well as hot lunch programs for all primary school children.
Political Changes
India's political problems include the Congress Party slowly declining, and new parties such as the militantly Hindu Bharata Janata Party.
Economic Changes
Economic reforms were carried out by Manmohan Singh. He carried out these reforms in 1991 as finance minister, but then became prime minister. India's economy has emerged as one of the world's largest and fastest growing economies. The 1991 reforms started shifting India towards a more market-based economy. Agriculture and industrial sectors make up most of India's GDP.
Middle East
Social Changes
The Middle East consists of mostly Muslim Countries. These countries enforce strict adherence to Islamic Law. They limit the rights of women and the rights to free assembly and free press.
Economic Changes
Although the Middle East may be very strict, It is a very rich area. Many countries are oil-rich countries such as Iran. When oil is traded with other countries, lots of money is made.
Political Changes
There are many protests in the Middle East. These protests, like the ones in Egypt, involve both men and women, and they can sometimes be violent. The protests in Egypt, were against a new President, President Hosni Mubarak.
Africa
Social Changes
HIV and AIDS are major infections that are extremely common in Africa. In 2010, in parts south of the Sahara, 1.9 million people became infected with HIV, and more than 2.1 Million died because of AIDS. Pollution is also a cause of many deaths. This is because about 39% of Africans live in rural areas where there are massive slus and high levels of pollution.
Economic Changes
Poverty continues a major problem in Africa. Rapid population growth is one of the causes of poverty. The population growth in Africa is 2.3% compared to 1.24% in the rest of the world.
Political Changes
African countries have found a way to address their political problems. This is through the African Economic Community (AEC). The AEC was established by the OAU (The Organization of African Unity). The OAU later became the AU (African Union).
South/Central America
Political Changes
Many countries have pushed for democratic freedoms. They have also pushed for social reforms and economic growth. A noticeable trend also in Latin American countries is the election of Left-Wing Governments.
Social Changes
The economic situation is very diverse in South America. While Nicaragua remains a poverty-full country, Brazil and Chile have great amounts of economic growth. This shows how some countries may be doing very poorly in South America, not all are.
Economic Changes
Mexico has a major problem in Central America. This is the problem of drugs. This is due to high rates of poverty. That, along with illiteracy are the two main causes for the large amounts of drug wars in Mexico.
Eastern Europe
Social Changes
One major social change in Eastern Europe was the split of Czechoslovakia. Czechoslovakia peacefully split into the Czech Republic, and Slovakia. This was due to ethnic conflicts. So The Czechs and Slovaks decided that a peaceful split was best.
Political Changes
The Soviet Union, which was the leading power in Eastern Europe, fell in 1991. Revolutions broke out when Gorbachev decided that Soviet Military support would no longer be given to Eastern European countries. After the collapse, the Soviet Union broke up into countries such as Poland and Romania. These new countries elected leaders and the idea of communism was over.
Economic Changes
Eastern European countries faced many economic changes. In Poland, rapid Free-Market reforms led to high amount of unemployment. Other countries, including Poland, began to move towards free-market economies. These are economies in which prices for goods and services are determined by consumers.
Western Europe
Social Changes
American pop-culture began to spread in western Europe. This included Music, Art, Movies, and Television. This spreads american culture to all countries.
Economic Changes
An economic change in Western Europe was the introduction of the EU and a common currency. This is known as the Euro. It is the currency used in most European countries.
Political Changes
Reunification was an issue in Western Europe. Germany had a very difficult time doing just that. This was due to many differences combined with unemployment.
East Asia
Social Changes
China had rapid population growth, which led to the introduction of their one-child policy. This meant that families with only one child would get benefits such as child care, education benefits, and housing.
Economic Changes
A new agricultural policy allows collective farms to lease land to peasants who paid rent to the collective. By introducing this, China was able to greatly reduce poverty and unemployment rates. The per capita income went up too.
Political Changes
Since the 1990's, countries such as Korea have been experiencing growing democracies. This, combined with growing elections, have been removing former military leaders since 1989. These leader have been replaced with more civilian leaders.
North America
Social Changes
America's pop-culture began to spread all over the world. This included american sports, music, and more. This influenced culture in different parts of the world in different ways. However, this was not liked by many Middle Eastern countries. This was due to their strict religion.
Economic Changes
America began to spend large amounts of Money in the time after the cold war. Federal Spending went from around $630 billion to over a trillion dollars. This produced record budget deficits.
Political Changes
Canada had issues with its prime ministers in 1993. This was when Canada approved NAFTA. Many citizens believed that this was too favorable to the US, so Prime Minister Brian Mulroney lost popularity.