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STRUCTURAL PRINCIPLES (STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS (-ELASTICITY of…
STRUCTURAL PRINCIPLES
What Are Structures?
-something made up of a number of parts that are held together in a particular way and perform a function such as carrying a load.
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-structures comes in all shapes and sizes ranging from food containers to furniture to large buildings
Natural Structure
-EXAMPLES:ribs,branches and honeycomb cells
Man-Made Structure
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-modern buildings make design features out of supporting framework,substructure(foundation) and service facilities such as glass elevators,clear sided escalators and brightly painted pipes.
Frame Structure
-constructed by joining separate pieces of materials,called members,to support and protect various parts.
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Shell Structure
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-most shell structure are made from thin sheet material(makes them light) and most have ridges or curves moulded into them to make them strong.
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5 MAIN FORCES
COMPRESSION
-when compressed,structure is squashes
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TENSION
-when in tension,structure is stretched
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BENDING-Cantilever
-when bended,structure deflected
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TORSION
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-when under torsion,structure is twisted
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SHEAR
-when under shear,one part of structure slides past another part
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Reinforcing Structure
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-structure may be unstable,distort and bend if not rigid
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-framework such as truss,have triangular parts to provide STRENGTH AND RIGIDITY.
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-skyscrapers have frameworks made from steel or concrete beams with lightweight panels and floors fixed to them.
-a rigid central core or triangular braces stiffen skyscrapers to stop excessive swaying and damage during strong winds or earthquakes.
Reinforcing Structure
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LAMINATION
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-e.g. thin sheet of wood can break along its grain easily.If 2 sheets are laminated,with their grains at 90 to each other,material will be much stronger.
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HONEYCOMB
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-the honeycomb structure is light,but strong under COMPRESSION
-used in cavities, e.g. inside of a door.Honeycomb keeps sides of door apart and keeps weight to a minimum.
BRACES
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-commonly used in shelf brackets,wall brackets,cantilever beams
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