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What is Security? (New Sources of Threat (Human Rights :star: (types…

- - - - terrorist groups seek to change a political context or condition
        
        civilian targets are chosen
        
        to terrorize the public
        
        to use their unhappiness as a weapon against their own govts
    - - hijacking of cars and planes
      - bombing trains, cafes, monuments, markets
    - - most terrorist attacks have occurred in Middle East, Europe, Latin America and South Africa
  - - - Economic
      - Social
      - Political
    - - Iraq's invasion of Kuwait
      - genocide in Rwanda
      - Indonesian military's killing of people in East Timor
    - - some say the UN Charter empowers the international community to take up arms for the defence of human rights
      - Others say that the interests of the powerful nations will determine which instances UN will act upon
  - - - half of the world's population growth occurs in just 6 countires
        
        Pakistan
        
        Nigeria
        
        India
        
        Bangladesh
        
        China
        
        Indonesia
    - - high per capita income and low population make rich countries richer and vice versa
        
        disparities also sharpen within counrties eg. Sub Saharan Africa
  - - - this has created international political frictions
        
        distinction between migrants and refugees
        
        states are generally supposed to accept refugees but they don't have to accept migrants
    - - kashmiri pandits
  - - - rapidly spread across the world
        
        by 2003, 4 crore people had HIV-AIDS
- - - - International Arena is brutal
        
        no central authority is responsible to keep checks
        
        each country is responsible for its own safety
    - - was not given much thought
        
        after World War II there seemed to hardly be any threats of internal conflicts for the powerful countries
        
        After 1945, USA and USSR appeared to be united and could expect peace within their borders
        
        Most of the Western European countries also did not face threats of internal conflicts and focused more on threats from outside their borders
    - - threat is military action from another country (external)
        
        endangers
        
        lives of ordinary citizens
        
        cores values of sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity
        
        response to the threat of war
        
        three choices of the country
        
        to prevent the other side from attacking by promising to raise the costs of war to an unacceptable level
        
        to defend itself and send back or defeat the country altogether
        
        to surrender
        
        Govts may choose to surrender when actually confronted but they never advertise this as their policy
    - - Prevent War: Deterrence
      - Limiting or Ending War: Defence
      - Balance of Power
        
        Very Powerful Countries might become a threat in the future even though they are not preparing for war in the present
        
        countries work hard to maintain a balance of power with countries that are A. Closeby B. With which they have differences C. With which they have had conflicts in the past.
        
        Countries maintain balance of power through
        
        Military power
        
        economic power
        
        technological power
      - Alliance Building
        
        coalition of states that work together to deter or defend against military attacks
        
        most alliances are formalized in written treaties
        
        based on clear identification of who constitutes the threat
        
        based on national interests and can changes when national interests change
        
        Example
        
        USA in 1980s backed the Islamic Militans in Afghanistan against the USSR
        
        But Attacked Al Qaeda - a group of Islamic militants lead by Osama bin laden when they launched terrorist strikes against America on 11 September 2001
    - - The two Cold War blocs feared an attack from one another
      - European Powers were worried about violence in their colonies where people wanted independence
    - - they had to worry about Cold War becoming a Hot War
        
        the cold war was responsible for one third of all the wars in the post second world war period
      - Threats faced by newly independent countries :star:
      - feared attacks from their previous colonial rulers
      - feared attacks from neighbouring countries
      - feared attacks from Separatist groups within the nation
        
        95% of world conflicts today are because of separatists groups
      - sometimes neighbouring countries instigated the separatists in another country
  - - - aka Human Security or Global Security
    - - is about the protection of people more than the protection of state
        
        human security and state security often are the same things but secure states do not automatically mean secured peoples
      - What does Human Security comprise of?
        
        'Narrow' concept of Human Security
        
        considers violence a threat
        
        'Broad' concept of Human Security
        
        include hunger, disease and natural disasters along with war and genocide, wtc
        
        broadest sense comprises economic security, threat to human dignity
    - - emerged in 1930s in response to global nature of threats such as global warming, terrorism, poverty, HIV, etc
        
        no country can resolve these problems alone
        
        sometimes, some countries bear the brunt of global problems, Maldives, Thailand and Bangladesh- global warming rising sea levels.
- - - - defense
      - prevent genocide
    - - not be excessively violent
      - not kill ordinary citizens
      - not kill unarmed and surrendering combatants
  - - - Disarmament requires all states to give up certain kinds of weapons
        
        for example, the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention and 1992 Chemical Weapons Convention, banned the production and possession of these weapons
        
        155 states joined BWC and 181 states joined CWC
        
        However, both USA and USSR did not want to give up nuclear weapons, so they pursued arms control
    - - regulates the acquisitions or development of weapons
        
        The Anti Ballistic Missile treaty in 1972- can't use ballistic missiles as defence shields
        
        Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty II (SALT II)
        
        Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START)
        
        Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty (NPT) in 1968
        
        countries which had tested and manufactured nuclear weapons before 1967 were allowed to keep their weapons, and those who had not were to give up their right to acquire them.
        
        did not abolish weapons but limited the no. of countries that could have them
    - - Countries tell each other of their military plans and share ideas
        
        this ensures that no war starts due to misconception or misunderstanding