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W2: Carbohydrates (Simple Carbs (classifications based on (4) isomers…

- - - - based on optic activity
        
        (+) dextrorotatory
        
        rotates right
        
        (-) levorotatory
        
        rotates left
      - only D isomers important for nutrition
        
        only D forms of isomers in foods
        
        enzymes in body are specific for the D form of sugars
    - - cyclic ring forms at anomeric carbon
      - Fisher projection
        
        alpha isomer, OH group is on right
        
        beta isomer, OH group is to the left
      - Haworth model
        
        alpha, OH group points down
        
        beta, OH group points up
  - - - incorporated into many important compounds
  - - - bond from anomeric carbon from C4/C6
      - alpha 1-4
      - beta 1-4
    - - glucose + glucose
      - source
        
        partial hydrolysis of startch
        
        malt beverages such as beer and malt liquors
    - - source
        
        milk and milk products
      - galactose + glucose
    - - glucose + fructose
      - source
        
        most commonly used natural sweetener
      - unique glycoside bond
        
        2 anomeric hydroxyl groups
- - - - beans
      - peas
      - bran
      - whole grains
    - - dextrin
        
        source
        
        additive in foods, pharmaceuticals, supplements
  - - - starch
        
        amylose
        
        linear chain of close molecules
        
        alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds
        
        amylopectin
        
        branched chain
        
        alpha 1-6 bonds
      - glycogen