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Evolution of Human Rights (Industrial Revolution (Founding of the Red…
Evolution of Human Rights
Foundations
Religious teachings: Hinduism, Judaism,Christianity, Islam
Ancient philosophers: Chinese, African
Gov't/leaders have duty to protect rights of individuals
16th/17th C Eur Philosophers
emergence of the independent nation state
Nations deserve national sovereignty (AKA state soveneignty)
French and US Revolutions (18th C.):
Value of individual and gov't obligation to protect seen in US Decl. of Ind. and US Constitution
The individual has value
Industrial Revolution
Founding of the Red Cross in Geneva (1863)
First Geneva convention (1864)
total of 4 Geneva conventions to date signed by 194 nations
League of nations fails to stop WWII from starting
Targeting of civilians during WWII: Massive number of civilian deaths; 60-100 million total deaths; 2/3 of all who die are civilians
Nuremberg trials
for defeated Nazi and Japanese leaders and soldiers
Crimes Against Humanity/Genocide
Individuals can be held responsible for war crimes even if the actions taken were legal within that sovereign nation at that time or were following orders
“No plea of sovereignty shall ever again be allowed to permit any Nation to deprive those within its borders of fundamental rights on the claim that they were matters of internal concern. It is now a matter of international concern to stamp out infractions of basic human rights.” (p. 7)
Creation of the UN (1945) 51 founding members. Currently 193 member nations.
UDHR (1948)
Covenant on civil and political rights (1966) no need to memorize
International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights (1966) no need to memorize
UN Establishes International Courts (you don't need to memorize names)
International Court of Justice - ICJ (1945)
Inter-American Court of Human Rights
African Court on Human Rights and Peoples' Rights
International Criminal Court - ICC (1998) Specifically prosecutes genocide and war crimes [US has not joined] p. 18
Other examples of UN Agreements (you don't need to memorize): Convention Against Torture, Convention on the Rights of the Child, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, etc.
US and USSR fight the Cold War
Holocaust
WWI 1914-1918 use of machine guns, gas, tanks, etc; extremely brutal war 10-15 million deaths
Many civilian deaths; Geneva convention against the use of gas ignored;
Creation of League of Nations: goal prevent wars and limit civilian deaths (1919)
development of firearms leads to increased brutality in war
Other influences and advocates for human rights
Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs)
non-profit private organizations with specific interest in a public policy issue (or many); not attached to a gov't
Social Movements
Individual people act to put pressure on government and other human rights violators to change; live non-violent protest;