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Biopsychology Test 1 (Action Potential (process (Na + channels open…

- - - - at first opening the voltage gates makes no difference for K+ because the concentration and electrical gradients are balanced
  - - - both the electrical and concentration gradients rush Na+ in
  - - - stronger than regular stimulus can initiate an action potential
  - - - fat insulation
    - - vertebrate axons
      - interruptions in the myelin
      - speeds up action potential
      - doesn't need to regenerate because Na+ ions are only occur at nodes
- - - - understanding helped to learn that other neuropeptides regulate emotions and motivations
  - - - methylphenidate
        
        block reuptake of dopamine
- - - - critical to brain functioning
      - synchronized inputs excite a neuron enough to activate it
- - - - these larger proteins override the positive charge from K+
  - - - sodium potassium pump controls the concentration gradient
        
        exerts 3 Na+ ions for every 2 K+ it pulls in
    - - opposite forces attract, thus the cell is trying to pull Na+ and keep in K+ to balance the net negative charge
- - - - vitamin A and D
    - - oxygen
      - carbon dioxide
- - - - when a neurotransmitter attaches they open
  - - - coupled to the receptor
      - energy storing molecule, GTP
      - increases the concentration of a second messenger
  - - - acetylcholine broken down by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase
      - serotonin and catecholamines: detach from the receptor and are taken up by the presynaptic neuron
        
        REUPTAKE
      - COMT breaks down neurotransmitters not taken up by transporters
- - - - long lasting changed
      - protein and peptide
      - communicated with everything
  - - - secretes releasing hormones that stimulate or inhibit the release of other hormones
      - negative feedback (tells the body to stop secreting a hormone)
    - - oxytocin
      - vasopressin
  - - - thyroid stimulating hormone
      - luteinizing hormone
      - ACTH
      - Prolactin
      - growth hormone
- - - - prosencephalon (forebrain)
        
        diencephalon
        
        interbrain
        
        thalamus
        
        sensory information first comes here then to the cerebral cortex
        
        sent back the the thalamus to magnify input
        
        hypothalamus
        
        sends messages to the pituitary to alter hormone output
        
        telencephalon
        
        cerebral hemispheres
        
        cerebral cortex
        
        lobes
        
        frontal
        
        4 more items...
        
        parietal
        
        3 more items...
        
        temporal
        
        4 more items...
        
        occipital
        
        1 more item...
        
        thalamus
        
        basal ganglia
        
        increase motivational behavior to increase the vigor of respons
        
        critical for learning
        
        nucleus basalis
        
        4 more items...
        
        organization
        
        laminae: layers of cell bodies separated by fibers
        
        Lamina V
        
        3 more items...
        
        columns
        
        1 more item...
        
        binding problem: large scale integration problems
        
        corpus callosum
        
        limbic system
        
        emotions
        
        olfactory bulb
        
        hypothalamus
        
        hippocampus
        
        critical for certain memories
        
        amygdala
        
        cingulate gyrus
        
        organized to receive sensory information
        
        contralateral
      - mesencephalon (midbrain)
        
        metencephalon and myelincephalon
        
        together make up the brainstem
        
        midbrain
        
        tectum: roof
        
        inferior colliculus
        
        1 more item...
        
        superior colliculus
        
        1 more item...
        
        tegmentum
        
        substantia nigra
        
        dopamine related pathways that ready for movement
      - rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
        
        cerebellum
        
        control of movement
        
        concentration
        
        balance
        
        medulla
        
        vital reflexes
        
        sneezing
        
        breathing
        
        vomiting
        
        heart rate
        
        control: 12 cranial nerves
        
        pons
        
        anterior and ventral to medulla
        
        axons from each half of the brain cross to the opposite side
  - - - regulator
        
        parasympathetic
        
        function
        
        maintain and conserve
        
        rest and digest
        
        increases sexual arousal
        
        doesn't need to communicate with the rest of the body
        
        ganglia found near or inside the intended organ
        
        postsynaptic ganglia are very short and close to their destination
        
        presynaptic ganglia are very far
        
        craniosacral
        
        cranial nerves and nerves of the sacral vertebrae
        
        axons release acetylcholine
        
        signal booster
        
        preganglionic
        
        sympathetic
        
        opposite of sympathetic
        
        amps you up
        
        fight or flight
        
        ganglia communicates with EVERYTHING
        
        short presynaptic ganglia... closer to the spinal column
        
        long postsynaptic ganglia
        
        thoracolumbar
        
        left and right side of the spinal column
        
        responds to stress
        
        what does your body need right not
        
        brain, heart, and muscles
        
        evokes a response
        
        neurotransmitters
        
        norepinephrine
        
        2 more items...
        
        hormones
        
        epinephrine
        
        norepinephrine
        
        non-life threatening stressors can be potentially dangerous
        
        the body reacts as if you are dying
        
        high blood pressure
        
        digestion problems
        
        immune issues
    - - thermoreceptors
      - photreceptors
      - chemoreceptors
      - mechanoreceptors
      - nociceptors (pain)
        
        receptor senses stimuli
        
        sensory neuron (afferent) transmits signal up the PNS to the CNS
        
        dorsal roots (sensory neurons)
        
        integration center decodes the signal
        
        motor neuron sends different directions back to the site of the stimulus
        
        ventral roots (motor neurons)
        
        efferent cells respond by contracting or secreting
        
        reflex arc: stimulate and inhibit
        
        * sent to the thalamus, then the somatosensory cortex (identifies/localizes), then the limbic center (emotional),finally the frontal (understanding)
  - - - dendrites
      - cell bodies (somas)
      - usually send axons to the brain
    - - myelinated axons
- - - - applies powerful magnetic field
      - aligns/tilts all the axes of rotation using a brief radio frequency
    - - injects dye
      - measure abnormalities
  - - - record electrical activity
      - evoked potentials/responses
    - - measures magnetic fields generated in brain activity
      - good temporal resolution
    - - high resolution image
      - measures radioactive emissions
      - Dangers: expensive and radioactive
      - glucose use increases in active brain areas
    - - record energy released by water molecules
      - more active brain areas
        
        dilate blood vessels
        
        use ore oxygen
        
        allow more blood flow
  - - - ablation
      - electrolytic
      - chemical
      - sham
  - - - light sensitive proteins
      - open sodium gates (excite)
      - open chloride gated (inhibiting)
- - - - choroid plexus produce cerebral spinal fluid
        
        flows from lateral ventricles to the 3rd and 4th ventricle
        
        some goes to the meninges
        
        has pain reception
        
        surrounds the brain and spinal cord