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3.3 Impression Formation (Impression Formation Processes: The ways in…
3.3 Impression Formation
Goal: Define the 6 factors that influence interpersonal perception, and explain how you might increase accuracy in your own interpersonal perception. Impression formation refers to the processes by which you perceive another person and ultimately come to some kind of evaluation and interpretation of this person, whether it's someone you meet face to face or someone whose profile you're reading on Facebook.
Impression Formation Processes: The ways in which you perceive another person and ultimately come to some kind of evaluation or interpretation of this person are influenced by a variety of processes.
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: A self-fulfilling prophecy is a prediction that comes true because you act on it as if it were true. There are four basic steps in the self-fulfilling prophecy.
- You make a prediction or formulate a belief about a person or a situation. For example, you predict that Pat is friendly in interpersonal encounters.
- You act toward that person or situation as if that prediction or belief where true. For example, you act as if Pat were a friendly person.
- Because you act as if the belief were true, it becomes true. For example, because of the way you act toward Pat, Pat becomes comfortable and friendly.
- You observe your effect on the person or the resulting situation, and what you see strengthens your beliefs. For example, you observe Pat's friendliness, and this reinforces your belief that Pat is, in fact, friendly.
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Personality Theory: Each person has this (often unconscious or implicit) that tells you which characteristics or an individual go with which other characteristics.
If you believe a person has some positive qualities, you're likely to infer that she or he also possesses other positive qualities, this is known as the halo effect.
There is also a reverse halo effect or "horns": If you know a person possesses several negative qualities, you're more likely to infer that the person also has other negative qualities.
Perceptual accentuation: the process of leading you to see what you expect or want to see. A thirsty person would see a mirage of water for instance.
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Primacy-Recency: If what comes first from an event exerts the most influence, you have a primacy effect. If what comes last (or most recently) exerts the most influence, you have a recency effect.
Consistency: The tendency to maintain balance among perceptions or attitudes. You expect certain things to go together and other things not to go together.
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Attribution of Control: Attribution is the process by which you try to explain the motivation for a person's behavior. Say you invite a friend to dinner for 7 p.m and they arrive at 9 p.m. consider your response and the reason for it. In your attribution of controllability or motives on the basis of any other reasons; beware of several potential errors...
Self-serving bias You commit to this when you take credit for the positive and deny responsibility for the negative.
Over attribution is the tendency to single out one or two obvious characteristics of a person and attribute everything that person does to these one or two characteristics.
The fundamental attribution error occurs when you overvalue the contribution of internal factors and undervalue the influence of external factors.
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Increasing Accuracy in Impression Formation: successful interpersonal communication depends largely on the accuracy of the impressions you form of others.
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Reduce your uncertainty: In every interpersonal situation, there is some degree of uncertainty. A variety of strategies can help reduce uncertainty.
Observe another person while he or she is engaged in an active task or interacting with others in an informal social situation.
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Get the lay of the land reduce uncertainty by reading the exchanges between the other group members before you way anything yourself.
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Check your perceptions: This is another way to help you further reduce your uncertainty and to make your perceptions more accurate.
Describe what you see or hear or, what you think is happening.
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Increase your cultural sensitivity: Becoming aware of and being sensitive to cultural differences will help increase your accuracy in perception.
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