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Chemistry (ATOMS (Protons (heavy and positively charged) Hang out with…

- - - - The number of protons in an element is its atomic number
        
        Atomic number = soul of the atom
        
        Nuclei, plural of nucleus are boring, they're thousand of times smaller than the atom as a whole and they mostly just sit around being the same as they were first created billions of years ago
  - - - Relative atomic Mass = mass of protons + neutrons
  - - - Lipids (fats) = smaller and simpler than complex carbohydrates and they're grouped together because they share the inability to dissolve in water. This is because their chemical bonds are mostly non polar (e.g. like oil and water).
        Fats are made of:
        
        Fatty acids = long carbon hydrogen-chains that end in carboxyl group
        
        Triglyceride = when you get 3 fatty acid molecules together + connect them to 1 glycerol
        
        can be saturated (with hydrogen)
        
        or unsaturated
        
        Glycerol = a kind of alcohol
        
        Steroids --> they have a backbone of 4 interconnected carbon rings which can be used to form hundreds of variations such as
        
        Cholesterol
      - Proteins = (they are probably the most complicated chemical compounds on the planet.) They are created by DNA.
        
        They are antibodies connecting themselves to invaders like bacterium and viruses so that your immune system can get them
        
        Protein hormones
        
        There are protein endorphins that mess around your brain and make you feel emotions
        
        They are Enzymes regulating chemical processes, helping you digest food
        
        They do everything written above with only 20 ingredients
        
        Amino acids = just like fatty acids,
        
        they have carboxyl groups on one end, and
        
        on the other end: they have an amino group (which contains 1nitrogen+2hydrogen)
        
        Depending on what these molecules (carboxyl groups & amino and carbon group) will bond with (called R), they are different forms of amino acids
        
        Valine = an amino acid that does protecting and building muscle tissue
        
        Tryptophan = its role is to help you regulate mood and energy levels
        
        The amino acids form long chains called Polypeptides
        
        Protein Synthesis = which is only possible if we have the amino acids necessary --> and there are nine of them that we can't make ourselves
        
        3 more items...
      - Carbohydrates (sugars) = source of all energy that we have available to us
        
        They are made up of sugars and the simplest of them are Monosaccharides (mono = one // saccharide = sugar) such as:
        
        Glucose (most important/it comes from the sun: photosynthesis)
        
        Fructose
        
        They also have Disaccharides (=two monosaccharides put together)
        
        Sucrose = glucose molecule + fructose molecule joined by covalent bond
      - Nucleic Acids = they have the most complicated job of them all. Structurally, they're polymers which means that each one is made up of many small, repeating molecular units
        
        DNA is a nucleic acid. In DNA, the (small, repeating molecular ) units are called nucleotides --> link them together and you have yourself a polynucleotide
        
        Nucleotides are made up of:
        
        A phosphate group = bonds with sugar to form Twin backbone (support)
        
        One of 4 nitrogen bases
        
        the genetic coding that makes you, you is found among the 4 nitrogen bases
        
        Adenine (A)
        
        Thymin (T)
        
        Cytosine (C)
        
        Guanine (G)
        
        In living organisms, DNA doesn't exist as a single polynucleotide, but rather a pair of molecules that are held tightly together.
        
        They're intertwined, microscopic double spiral staircase --> basically just a ladder, but twisted, called
        
        Double Helix
        
        This double helix needs support --> Twin backbone
        
        Adrenine bonds with Thymin
        
        Cytosine bonds with Guanine
        -- These Bonded Nitrogenous bases are called Base pairs
        
        C&G bond have 3 hydrogen bonds
        
        A&T have 2 hydrogen bonds
        
        The order of those 4 nucleobases or the Base Sequence that allows your DNA to create you
        
        A 5 carbon sugar molecule
        
        called Doexyribose (1st letter of DNA comes from this word)
        
        RNA is also a nucleic acid