Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Methods in Psychology (Chapter 2) (Scientific Method (Generate a…
Methods in Psychology (Chapter 2)
Scientific Method
Generate a hypothesis
Design and Conduct Experiments
Gather Information
Analyze data and formulate Conclusions.
Identify the problem
Restart the process
Key concepts
Statistical significance
Replication
Direct = use exactly the same measures and procedures
Conceptual =
Slightly vary the measures & procedures
Modify the experiment to also extend the findings
Or apply to diff samples
Validity
External validity = how well the results of a study generalize to contexts besides those of the study itself
Internal validity = confidence that only the manipulated variable could have produced the results
same selection criteria applied to everyone
double blind
ethical concerns
Sampling
Random Sampling
Random Assignment
Convenience Sampling
Generalizability
APPROACHES
Correlation
= to describe and predict how variable are related
May be 3rd variable
correlation doesn't mean causation
Experimental
= an experiment is a research method that tests causal hypothesis by manipulating and measuring variables
Dependent Variable
:
Hypothesized to be affected by manipulation of the independent variable
Independent variable
:
Hypothesized to be the cause of a particular outcome
Variable that is manipulated
Control condition :
Comparable to the experimental condition in every way but one
Lacks the one ingredient hypothesized to produce the expected effect on the dependent variable.
e.g. spending money on yourself (in the money/happiness example).
(control group is the group which is not going to get "messed with")
Experimental condition :
spending money on others (in the money/ happiness example)
(experimental group is the group that gets "messed with")
Descriptives Methods
Surveys
Archival (notion from social psych)
Case Studies
Participant Observation
Naturalistic Observation
Making sense of the data
Descriptive statistics = describes data
includes information like:
Central tendency (= a single point to describe the center of data) such as : the mean, the median, the mode( the most frequently observed measure score in a data set)
and the frequency of certain demographics
Inferential statistics :
determine whether there are real differences between the independent variable condition so that we can make inferences about the causal relationship between the elements