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sosc1420 poverty (1 (countries (America : the most unequal in advanced…

- - - - e.g
        
        less than cost to get enough food(2000 cal/person/day)
        
        use calorie engel curve to determine(more expense -> more cal consumption)
        
        urban < rural, need more cal, more physical demanding
        
        cost of econ plan( at least 4 enough nutri diet)
        -> 1/3 after tax income on food, so 3 times cost of econ food plan as poverty line
        so, beyond - non poor, below - poor
    - - e.g
        
        OECD&EU income below 50% of the median (not average)
        
        poverty line 0.5 X median
        but has Micawber problem, but cannot mean ppl just above poverty line dun need help, vice vera
    - - min living standard to separate poor and non poor
      - indicator
        
        income /consumption expenditure
  - - - HC = no of poor / total ppl
      - good: simple/easy
        
        bad: no intensity of poverty(assume all poor are in same situation)
    - - gap between poor ppl' living standards and poverty line
        
        average shortfall of the poor
        
        account the depth of the poverty
        
        if non poor, gap is zero
        
        if income is zero, gap is 1
        
        if ppl in poverty line, gap is 0
  - - - growth increase the poor's income on average
        equi-proportionally to that of every one
        
        poor benefit when increase income proportional
        
        but not all poor benefit when increase growth proportional (average grow not all grow)
        
        e.g India,
        
        growth dun lead to a high reduction of poverty
        
        expansion of high-tech industries benefits the well-educated disproportional
        
        but growth in agriculture that most poor depends not rapid
    - - absence of one or more of the basic
        capabilities, e.g health
      - multi-dimensional
        
        Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)
        
        Living standard
        
        Education
        
        Health
        if larger than 30% means poor
      - measure the world poverty
        (diff countries have diff national poverty line)
        
        excludes rich countries
        
        low & middle countries
        
        international poverty line suit to design extreme poverty
        1 dollar per person/day- extreme
        2 dollars - moderate
        
        Purchasing Power Parity exchange rate
        / market exchange rate
        
        world poverty count: dominated by China & India
        great econ growth and huge weight of population
        high poverty line -> high poverty ratio
        
        poverty line
        = expense of basic food + non-food basic need
        = half of median monthly income
        
        decrease poverty rate
- - - - no. of missing women
        = male population* (female-male ratio in sub-Saharan) -- current women population
        -> use sub-Saharan as bench mark: no cultural disparate value in gender, so free of bias
      - bias of sex ratio: sex-selective abortion or female infanticides
      - girls are no desire by parents
        
        girls lack medical attention than boys
        
        South and East Asia prefer boys
        
        they think male have greater value in econ & culture,
        female are economic burdens with dowries/ culturally perpetuate with family name
        
        india
        
        Major Inheritance law- hindu succession
        only sons can join family property (girls only join father's property)
        
        lots of money is family owned
        
        but, Kerala state is matriarchy
        
        China
        
        male ratio become larger
        
        tea: women
        orchard: male
        
         Plough cultivation “shows a predominantly male family labor force
        so men work outside when women work inside
        
        Labor market gender discrimination
        
        same ability but treat differently because of gender
        
        UK: equal pay act policy
  - - - social exclusion: discrimination against
        South Asian people
        
        social interaction, practice and discourse,
        lack of resource and multi-dimensional process, e.g employment with low pay
        
        dun know Chinese/ Mandarin
        
        not a Chinese
        
        difficulty in communication
        
        language, credential
        
        racial discrimination
        (racial labour market segmentation)
    - - Kenya vs Tanzania
        
        Kenya: many ethnic groups and many language
        English and Swahili are national language
        favor specific ethnic group
        
        kenya: vernaculars education
        
        diff national policies -> interethnic cooperation
        
        Tanzania downplay ethnic affiliation, strong sense of national identity
  - - - 70% in child employment
        
        under min age for work
        
        engage in dangerous work
      - the situation of child labour is decling but the lower speed
        parents employ them: household / agriculture, no pay no education
        
        negative relationship:
        more household, lower child labor
        
        e.g
        Vietnam
        
        increase expenditure among poor
        -> poverty deline
        child labor decrease,
        so better living (econ) standard cause decreasing child labour
        
        benefits of child labor: income now
        benefits of children educated:
        high wages in future but have tuition fess now
        
        parents: selfish or econ constrained
        many want children educated
        so-> many caused by econ constrained
        
        no time to wait
        
        household cannot meet basic needs
        
        expensive costs in education
      - highest child labor: Asia pacific
        
        boys > girls, most are agriculture
        
        higher child labor, lower education
      - symbol poverty and future poverty
        -> sacrifice child 's future welfare in exchange for immediate benefit
        but difficult to combat due to questions of power in household
    - - lowest poverty rate: adult have a highest labour force
        highest poverty rate(most vulnerable): elder
      - increasing poverty rate
        higher rate in younger teens group
      - higher elder poverty rate
        live in cage house/ PRH
- - - - assume: height is propotional to income
        shorter - poor, higher - richer
      - advanced: Lorenz Curve
        
        representing inequality of the wealth
        distribution
        
        cumulative population(x axis) & expenditure (y-axis)
        
        difference between L curve & identical income line show the amount of inequality present in the population
        
        L curve is farer than 45 degree line means more unequal
        
        Gini Coefficient = A/ (A+B)
        
        higher Gini larger inequality
        
        range 0-1
        
        0 means everyone is same
        
        1 means one person has all
        
        if L curve is straight -> the poor is equal, the rich is equal
        but in reality, L curve is curvely
      - Gini and L curve for dynamic comparisons & policy analysis
  - - - inverse U shape
      - state that less developed countries bear short run social cost to reduce inequality and poverty
    - - great compression
        stable: high tax and progressive income
        
        great divergence:reverse later
        
        big inequality: bad government and lack control
        e.g the rich donate money to de-regulate the policies -> earn more money
    - - Gini become higher but GDP become higher
      - de-industrial, financial crisis: hit manual worker & low-income gp
    - - inequality depends on policies and institutions
      - well-being coz inequality
        
        inequality -> instability
        
        equality chance hard to become unequal society
        
        poor: low social mobility
        may unrest/ backlash
        
        e.g Arab: Economist : The Shoe-Thrower's index
        -> protest growing inequality, nepotism, ppl in top pyramid
        the most is: Yemen
- - - - dun get enough calories, lower BMI, half suffer from anemic,
        half of children are low weight
        -> they dun spend all money to buy food even malnutrition
      - rare: electricity, sanitation, drinking water
        lots of illness, need steeply with income
      - education: not low percentage, it may only some period educated and then drop out
        extremely poor spend little on education, low quality
        -> always go to public primary school
      - money from self-employed agriculture > 打工
        /multiple sections
        
        family have own business
        
        small
        
        no outside labor
        (mostly unpaid from family)
        
        low skills & low pay
        
        India Hyderabad
        
        only some have own premise
        
        lack of specialization -> multiple
        
        Risk diversification
        
        no access to formal insurance
        
        Lack of capital
        
        cannot expand the business
        
        Occupations (e.g. farming) tend to leave periods of time vacant
        -> pursue other jobs
        
        Entrepreneurship <- when ppl cannot find a job
        
        most are small-scale and only family labor
        -> become a cycle
        
        the benchmark of running a business is no high
      - migration
        
        for work
        
        only short-term
        
        provide majority of income
        
        not more, because loss social network and utility
      - poor borrow money from informal way,
        e.g elatives, money lender or shopkeeper,
        -> more expensive
        no formal company(e.g bank) lend them money, no profits
        only few have saving accounts
      - insurance
        
        informal, dun cover much
      - poor cannot displine themselves very well, poor dun eat more -> spend on entertainment rather than food,may be to keep up with neighbors
        such as social pressure, peer effect
      - saving (dun save more)
        
        limited conventional saving chance
        
        hard to saving at home, e.g be stoled, keep resisting temptation to spend
  - - - richer spend less percentage money to food
        but larger in durable goods
      - richer have more adults,
        poor have more elders, less adults
      - richer have higher educated
        
        half of poor are primary below