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period 1: technological and enviromental transformations to 600 BCE…
period 1: technological and enviromental transformations to 600 BCE
paleolithic era: 26 million -8000 BCE
humans
emerged from east africa circa 20,000BCE
6 other versions of humans once walked the earth
neandathals died out around 35000 bce
genetic breeding evidence of interbreeding with neandrathals and modern humans
society
nomad: no settled residence
hunter-gatherer: small society of bands, short life expendancy, like extended family
impact of technology: stone tools and fire
stone tools could be crude or sharp
fire: unclear if created but controlled
migration
"peopling of the earth" out of africa from 100,000-10,000 BCE
middle east 2. australia 3. europe 4. central asia 5. north america 6. south america
australia:(new guinea) were settled by raft (great technolgical achievement) 60-40,000 BCE
austronesia
sunda= south east asia & sahul = australia, new guinea
people fanned out in the pacific by boat until 1300 bce... austrnesian speaking peoples
languages shared common root, setteld madagascar before africa
bering land bridge: cross on foot low sea levels
settled to the tip of south america by 10000 bce
paleolithic art
venus of holhe fels is the oldest sculpture ever found
lionman of hollensteinal- 28000 bce
chauvet cave: france, 30,000 bce oldest painting known to human history
cave of hands--argentina 11000 bce
NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION
agricultural revolution began in 8000 BCE in middle east
domestication of plants and animals caused the revolution
able to to cultivate wild plants... high carb grains like wheat, rice, barley.. no cereal grains in americas but maize was bred from teosintine
alcohol was made of grains, fruit, potentially why humans made grain...
cant be nomadic if you have domesticated plants
domesticated animals, no hunting for meat
meat, milk, fertilizer, plows, hides for clothing
only a small number of large animals can be domesticated: short gestuation and maturation, lots of offspring. 14 overall in the world
big five: sheep, goats, cows, pigs, horses (much later)
south america had one animal... the llama
NA africa, australia had none--limiting agricultural possibilities
australia remained without farmers until modern times
surplus food can be stored, not ideal for nomads
why did this begin?
end of the younger dryas ice age... so plants could thrive
exicntion of many large mammals
neolithic
fertile crescent: site of worlds first agricultural. between tigris and euphrates river... 8000 bc
cradles of agriculture
nile valley
indus river valley
mesopotamia
huang he
norte chico
olmec
impacts of neolithic revolution
positive:
surplus food stored
specialization of labors (farmers, warriors, priests, artisans)
technological innovations (pottery, plows, wheels, textiles)
negative:
farming is hard
increased risk of disease, epidemics from zoogenic diseases
rising social inequality
rise of urban
civilizations are founded on cities, rise of powerful states that can command people and make wars.
deeper social inequality... hierarchy by class and patriarchy
complex institutions such as army, political beaurachy, religion
monumental architecture: show off power to the common people
MESOPOTAMIA
Sumer is the first civilization, created cuneiform the first written language. first site of farming, extremely arid, lots of irrigation
uruk was the first city, polytheistic, priest-king had divine authority
ziggurats: mesopotamia monuments
standard of ur: art that shows there was extensive trade
cuneiform used clay tablets
akkadian empire was the first
babylon was founded by king hammurabi
hammurabi's code: detailed law code, extreme classist and sexist differences.
EGYPT & NUBIA
highly predictable nile flooding. protected by sea, mountains, desert, very stable
monarchy headed by pharaoh... divine leader... dynasties
pyramids: royal tomb monuments
very hierarchical
hieroglyphics: pictographic language of egypt
papyrus: made of reed, like paper
exported grain and gold to middle east, greece for timber, olive oil, copper, wine
trade
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nubia had gold, ivory, cattle, slaves, often traded up and down nile.
NUBIA
different language, different culture, though similar, often conquered by egypt but once conquered egypt
INDUS RIVER VALLEY
two main cities: harappa, monjengo daro
brick buildings, standardized planing... dancing girl art but no monuments. great plumbing, sewers and drains
undeciphered animal seals, writing system
flourishing trade with mesopotamia
HUANG HE CHINA CIVILIZATION
shang dynasty: first, warrior class of divine right (mandate of heaven), practiced human sacrifice
famous for bronze statues... no monuments
religion: shangdi (general god being) and ancestral worship
oracle bones: found early chinese characters here. female priests consulted gods for kings
government controlled religion
zhou dynasty
ended shang by the warriors overthrowing by mandate of heaven broken... propaganda
OLMEC MESOAMERICA
not a river valley
giant head monument
three sisters: beans corn squash
untranslated writing system
bustling trade with mesoamerica
NORTE CHICO ANDES PERU
grew cotton, ate seafood
flourishing trade
no writing