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CHROMOSOME MUTATION (Structural Mutations (:two: Duplication (Extra copy…

- - - - Intragenic :arrow_forward: small deletion within a gene that inactivates the gene
      - Multigenic :arrow_forward: delete on large scale (involve in many genes) :arrow_right:more severe consequences
  - - - :!: Donot change the overall amount of genetic material :arrow_right: usually individuals with Inversion are normal
    - - Paracentric
        
        centromere is outside the inversion
        
        :no_entry:cause the deletion mutation of paring chromosome
      - Pericentric
        
        centromere is inside the inversion
        
        cause some duplication and deletion at other pairing chromosomes
  - - - exchange genetic material btwn 2 nonhomologous chromosomes
    - - genetic material moves from one chromosome to another without any exchange
    - - :check: Human chromosome 2 have similarities with chimpanzee, gorilla and orangutan chromosomes :arrow_right: suggesting that our ancestor might undergo some nonreciprocal translocations
- - - - Breakage and Rejoining
      - Crossing over btwn repetitive DNA :arrow_right: nonallelic homologous recombination
- - - - more than 2 sets of chromosomes
      - common in plants :check:plant evolution
      - there is a correlation of number of chromosome sets with the size of organism
        
        :arrow_up:chromosome number ==> :arrow_up: cell size
      - able to be made by Colchicine to plant :warning: inhibits spindle formation => unable to divide the sister chromatids :!!:Nondisjunction
      - autopolyploidy :arrow_right: multiple sets from one species
      - allopolyploidy :arrow_right: multiple sets from different species :arrow_right: hybridization btwn two closely related species with subsequent chromosome doubling (amphidiploid)
  - - - alters the phenotype dramatically :warning:maybe lethal
      - :check:exception mammalian sex chromosome bc extra X chromosomes are inactivated and Y chromosome carries some genes