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Metabolic Syndrome (CVD (Risk Factors (cholesterol (high HDL-C to LDL-C…
Metabolic Syndrome
CVD
Major Forms
heart attack
atherosclerosis: fat and fibrosis accumulate at vessels
with excessive cell numbers, develop along aging and slowly however acute sequence once the blood flow to the heart blocked
stroke
small lipid, fibrosis, fatty tissues drop off from vessel enter
small vessels in brain cause objection to blood flow for brain supply. random and acute, mostly cause permanent damage to daily body function
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Risk Factors
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cholesterol
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HDL bring lipids to liver while LDL transfer lipid to other organs and some deposit in vessel causing adverse accumulation
triglyceride also important lipids that is less stable than cholesterol thus must be tested with blood test at fasting state, as subject to fluctuation with meal intake
for LDL, the cholesterol content and the size of the LDL is important; if have low cholesterol but with small dense LDL, the risk increase; if have high cholesterol but with low number of particles, ie large LDL, then the risk will not be as high as the small dense LDL
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Sex
male has much higher risk and mortality on CVD
female are proposed to be protected due to hormones before reaching menopause periods
while hormone therapy does not work in reducing CVD risk as expected
Genetics
4 fold increase of risk when 1st degree relative got CVD,
polygenetic issue thus gene therapy not applicable while gene study mostly focus on mechanism discovery for medical and pharmacological benefits
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social and political
income inequality
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food and service affordability distinct extremely between populations and with geographical aggregation e.g. poor black population in the further south of American have been always the first and fastest in increasing rate and degree of obesity
decreased in physical activity and family economic issue as they can't afford healthy food lead to child obesity
Epigenetics
population selection during famine and war,
result in survivors with great effect of nutrition deficiency
on their genetic susceptibility to obesity e.g. African American and Irish people both found to be in higher risk of obesity and mortality under long-term effect of famine, suggesting possible epigenetic influence passing down generations
Ecological Imperialism: foreign food and microbes brought by Europeans to their colonies, caused massive population clearance mediated by disease as well as the invader to local ecosystem and breaking balances.
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