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Chemistry (Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbon as they have no double bond,…
Chemistry
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbon as they have no double bond
Alkenes are unsaturated as they have a double bond
Test for water + cobalt chloride turns blue
Rate of Reaction= quantity of reactant / time taken
Complete combustion needs a steady supply of oxygen and creates CO2
Incomplete combustion occurs when there is a poor supply of oxygen, Carbon and Carbon Monoxide is made
Alcohols + CnH2n+1OH
Ethanol = C2H5OH
Carboxylic Acid = R - COOH
Ethanoic acids =CH3COOH
Esters = R-COO-R
In condensation polymerisation, a small molecule is formed as a by-product each time a bond is formed between two monomers. This small molecule is often water
Polymers are very large molecules made when many smaller molecules join together, end to end. The smaller molecules are called monomers
ethene can polymerise to form poly(ethene), also called polythene
Meth = 1
Eth =2
Prop = 3
But = 4
Pent = 5
The main fractions include refinery gases, gasoline (petrol), naphtha, kerosene, diesel oil, fuel oil, and a residue that contains bitumen. These fractions are mainly used as fuels, although they do have other uses too
Because they have different boiling points, the substances in crude oil can be separated using fractional distillation. The crude oil is evaporated and its vapours allowed to condense at different temperatures in the fractionating column. Each fraction contains hydrocarbon molecules with a similar number of carbon atoms
Alkenes + CnH2n
Alkanes = CnH2n+2
Nanoparticles range in size from about 100 nm down to about 1 nm. They are typically the size of small molecules, and far too small to see with a microscope.
Nanoparticles have a very large surface area compared with their volume. So they are often able to react very quickly
Potassium Violently
Sodium Very quickly
Lithium Quickly
Calcium More slowly
Element Reaction with dilute acids
Calcium Very quickly
Magnesium Quickly
Zinc More slowly
Iron More slowly than zinc
Copper Very slowly
Silver Barely reacts
Gold Does not react