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Diversity of Living Things (Classifying Life's Diversity (Types of…
Diversity of Living Things
Classifying Life's Diversity
Species Concepts
- Are these two of the same species?
1) Morphological
Physical characteristics and appearance
+: simple and commonly used for plants
-: how much of a difference is too much?
Identification
Dichotomous Keys
2 part choices, repeated until the species is narrowed down and identified
flaw
can only classify what it's built to classify
2) Biological
Two organisms' ability to produce living, fertile offspring
+: most commonly used by scientists
-: cannot be tested on asexually reproducing organisms, extinct species, and species that don't live near each other
3) Phylogenetic
Family tree of organisms; DNA analysis
+: can be applied to extinct species
-: are not known for all species
Binomial Nomenclature
#
two part name; italicized when typed, underlined when written by hand
one part
genus
name, the other part a
specific
name
together, they form the
species
name
what does this tell us?
genus name shared = commonalities and traits shared
specific name not the same = minor differences
Taxonomic Categories
hierarchy from least to most specific
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Kingdoms and Domains
Cell types
Differences
#
#
are bigger
have a nuclear membrane around their DNA
are made up of several chromosomes in their genome
reproduce by mitosis and meiosis (sexually compared to the asexual prokaryotes)
#
can be unicellular or multicellular compared to the only-unicellular prokaryotes
multicellular eukaryotes reproduce by
multiple fission
have the mitochondira and other membrane-bound organelles, unlike the prokaryotes
many are aerobic (need oxygen) vs. the prokaryotes that are anaerobic (don't need oxygen)
Eukaryotes
reproduce through
conjugation
transfer of genetic material by direct contact
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often talked about in terms of bacteria
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http://academic.pgcc.edu/~kroberts/Lecture/Chapter%207/07-32b_ConjugationArt_L.jpg
Eukaryotic Evolution
Endosymbiotic Theory
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Prokaryotes
reproduce through
binary fission
(asexual)
1) mature cell copes its single chromosome
2) it elongates and separates the genetic material
3) the cell builds a septum (basically a wall) and splits into two individual cells
http://academic.pgcc.edu/~kroberts/Lecture/Chapter%2011/11-02_BinaryFission_0_L.jpg
Domain
Eukarya
Plantae
Cellulose cell wall
Autotrophs
Sexual Reproducers
Fungi
Characteristics
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Parts of a Fungus
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Type of Nutrition
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5 sub-categories
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Animalia
No cell wall
Heterotrophs
Sexual reproducers
Protista
(protists)
Characteristics
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3 Categories
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Algae
#
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Obstacles
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How Protists turned into Plants
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Domain/Kingdoms
Archaea
Asexual reproducer
Autotroph and heterotroph
Cell wall not made of petidoglycan - sometimes no cell wall at all
Unicellular
Bacteria
Asexual reproducer
Autotroph and heterotroph
Peptidoglycan cell wall
Gram-staining
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Unicellular
+: breaks down organic molecules (as a decomposer)
needed for the nutrient cycles of carbon, nitrogren, hydrogen, and sulfur
-: can cause disease, produce toxins, & invade and destroy cells
Comparison
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#
Similarities
Prokaryotic
Shape of cells
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Aggregation
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Nutrition
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Reproduction
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Differences
Habitat
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Reproduction
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Classification and Identification
size and shape
nutrition
movement
genetics
gram staining
View a Summary Chat here:
http://s3.studylib.net/store/data/006827513_1-0745b848f668cb10bf47dbd925a826ff.png
Rank = the level of classification (i.e., domain, order, etc.)
Taxon = a names group of organisms (i.e., eukarya, chordata, etc.)
Types of Evidence
- How related are these two species?
1) Anatomical
Structure and form of organisms (i.e., bone structure and arrangement)
2) Physiological
Physical and chemical functions of organisms (i.e., protein production)
3) DNA
Sequences of nucleotides in organisms (i.e., fungi are shown to be more similar to animals than plants)
Phylogenetic Trees
Branching diagram; family tree
Importance of Classification
Less direct effects
2) Tracing how diseases are spread and developing treatments for them
3) Increase in disease and pest resistance = more crops
4) Protecting organisms from becoming extinct
1) New drugs, hormones, and other medical productions by looking at different proteins or chemical produced by different organisms
Direct effects
1) Better understanding of the living things are related
easier to tell too
2) Is a way to identify what living things are
Terms
hybridization
cross breeding of 2 different species
hetertrophs
can't make its own food, so it relies on other organisms for food
the organisms can be living or dead
autotrophs
makes its own food
biodiversity
#
the differences in behaviour, habitat, and abundance amongst different species and niches
embroyos
small, simple, multicellular plants
they depend on the parent for a time
they are in their early pre-birth stage of development
Types of Biodiversity
Species
Different
species
in an
area
Genetic
Different
genes
in a species
Gene pool
Larger the gene pool = Increase in genetic diversity = Better chance of survival from alien species invasion, diseases, and changes in abiotic factor amounts
Sum of
all versions of all genes
in a population
Ecosystem
Different
ecosystems
in the
biosphere
Ecosystem services
Free services provided by the environment that would otherwise have to pay a lot of money for
I.e., soil erosion control, atmospheric gas supply, climate regulation, water supply, etc.
How we affect these services
Typically, we lower the species diversity of an ecosystem, causing less sustainability and services
Viruses
are not considered alive
lack many properties of living things
rely on the internal structure of the host cell
cannot survive outside of cells
Properties of Living Things
3) reproduces (either asexually or sexually)
viruses cannot reproduce, but
replicate
instead
1) breathes/respires
2) responds to their environment
4) made up of cells
5) grows and develops
6) uses energy
7) has different cell structures
Characteristics
shape and size of caspid (protein coat that surrounds the genetic material)
shape and structure of the virus
all viruses need moisture
Icosahedron
most common and efficient (max. capacity for DNA/RNA)
20 sided
really strong
i.e., Chicken Pox
Membranous Envelopes
central core surrounded by a membrane envelope
soft
i.e., HIV, Influenza
Rod Shaped
different shapes and sizes, but generally looks like a rod
can be rigid or flexible
has a central spiral that is made up with nucleic acid
i.e., Tuberculosis
Bacteriophages
has at least 5 different proteins
its DNA is usually located in the head or caspid
used for transportation
i.e., T4 (which attack bacteria)
types of diseases the virus can cause
Viral
#
seeks to reproduce
Non-Viral
#
seeks to disrupt
i.e. prions
proteins that stay infectious even after exposure to radiation
typically destroys the DNA/RNA
harmful when they change molecular shape
type of genetic material (DNA or RNA)
extra info
RNA has ribose sugar instead of a deoxyribose sugar like DNA. they also have a uracil base instead of thymine.
how they replicate
Replication
happens inside the host cell (the cell that is being attacked)
some go through the
Lytic Cycle
, while others go through the
Lysogenic Cycle
Lytic Cycle
Faster; normally takes only a few days to complete
i.e., common cold
caused by: mucus
Non-viral
stages
1) Attachment
2) Entry
3) Replication
4) Assembly
5) Lysis and Release
Lysogenic Cycle
aka
provirus
stays inactive with the host's chromosomes until it reactivates and continues with the Lytic Cycle
not easily detected
i.e. cancer
caused by: contact
symptoms: increased cell reproduction and tumours
viral
https://d2gne97vdumgn3.cloudfront.net/api/file/D8NQ8WXlTyOD2jbqARoK
Retroviruses
uses enzyme to change RNA into DNA
allows for it to be accepted into the host cells' genome
reverse transcription
usually you take DNA to make RNA
#
here, you take RNA to make DNA
enveloped, single strand RNA virus
are made up of proteins and only one nucleic acid
i.e., DNA = Deoxyribonucleic Acid and RNA = Ribonucleic Acid
this means that they have no organelles to make copies of themselves with
they need to get inside other cells to use their organelles to do so
3 ways of getting inside a cell
bacteriophages
#
not enveloped
trick cell receptors into letting them in
enveloped
either uses the trick or acts as a refugee
once in
impatient
#
takes over the cells machinery
i.e. their protein
goal: making copies of the virus' genetic material and protein (to make their protein coat)
will come together to make fully functional viruses
with more, and more, and more, it eventually forces the cell to lyse (break open)
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sits and waits
#
combines with the host's genetic information so the host can't tell that it is in there
like it is sneaking in
quietly sitting there
provirus in dormant phase
replication continues, and the virus is still there, so the virus replicates too
something will trigger the cell, and the virus is no longer "quiet"
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by using
can be put into
are named using
are proven using
eukaryotes