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Blood (Leukocytes (WBCs) (Mobility (amoeboid motion ("swim"…

- - - - "swim" through body fluids using cytoplasmic extensions
    - - follow chemical trail of molecules released by damaged to cells to move purposefully toward a pathogen, infection, or injury
    - - leaving blood vessel to enter interstitial fluid to reach loose CT and lymphoid tissue
  - - - mount immune response by direct cell attack or via antibodies
      - longest life span
    - - phagocytosis, develop into macrophages in the tissues
      - largest WBC
  - - - kill parasitic worms, complex role in allergy and asthma
    - - release histamine and other mediators of inflammation, contain heparin (an anticoagulant)
      - least numerous
    - - phagocytize bacteria
      - most numerous
  - - - lymphoid stem cells
        
        myeloid stem cells
        
        progenitor cells
        
        myeoblast stage
        
        myelocyte stage
        
        band cell stage
        
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    - - interlukins
      - colony-stimulating factors
- - - - 8% of body weight
    - - transfers heat from organs
    - - specific gravity = 1.015-1.024
  - - - delivery of O2 and nutrients, transporting metabolic waste to delivery sites
  - - - fluid matrix portion of the CT, least dense component
      - water primary component (90%)
        
        dissolving and suspending medium for solutes of blood, absorbs heat
      - Plasma proteins (8%)
        
        Globulins
        
        transport globulins (a and B)
        
        immunoglobulin (gamma)
        
        Albumin (most prevalent plasma protein)
        
        serves as transport proteins for hormones and fatty acids
        
        helps regulate blood pH
        
        clotting proteins
        
        fibrinogen (main one)
        
        prothrombin
        
        maintains osmotic pressure and homeostasis, large globular molecules, trapped inside BV (can't leak out)
    - - Structure and other characteristics
        
        mots numerous cell type in blood and body
        
        flexible, biconcave disk shape
        
        no organelles, anucleate
        
        cytoskeleton deforms cell so it can squeeze through tight spaces, have to stack up to move through capillaries
        
        Big SA:V for diffusion of gases --> can move quickly and efficiently
        
        carry hemoglobin
        
        made up of four polypeptide subunits (two a and 2 B chains) with a heme group that contains an atom of iron embedded in the center
- - - - myeloid stem cell
        
        megakaryoblast
        
        megakaryocyte (undergoes numerous rounds of mitosis, but not cytokinesis --> multi-lobbed nucleus presses against sinusoid and sends cytoplasmic extensions through the wall into the bloodstream))
        
        platelets (extensions rupture and platelets enter bloodstrems)
  - - - 2) Platelet Plug Formation - injury to lining of vessel exposes collagen fibers; platelets adhere to endothelium and exposed collagen fibers
        
        platelet adhesion --> platelet activation (swell up) and aggregation (more platelets collecting @ the site)
        
        activated platelets released chemicals to promote hemostasis - ADP (stimulates platelet aggregation), clotting factors (Ca), TXA2 serotonin (enhances vascular spasms), platelet-derived growth factor (promotes repair of the blood vessel)
        
        positive feedback cycle is initiated
        
        3) Coagulation - fibrin forms a mesh that traps RBC and platelets, starts 30 seconds after blood vessel wall is damaged
        
        Phase 1: formation of prothrombinase, extrinsic (tissue trauma, clotting factors not normally present in blood, endothelium releases tissue factor) or intrinsic (blood trauma, more steps and slower) pathways
        
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        Anticoagulants: anti-thrombin, heparin, aspirin, warfarin
- - - - heme splits from globin
        
        globin --> amino acids, join amino acid pool
        
        heme broken down to iron and biliverdin
        
        iron --> ferritin and transferrin, stored in liver until needed in bone marrow
        
        Biliverdin --> bilirubin, which is released to blood
        
        circulates to liver, where liver cells pick it up and secrete it into the intestine
        
        passes through small intestine, converted to urobilinogen in the large intestine
        
        urobilinogin oxidizes --> excreted as stercobilin
        
        urobilinogen which is excreted by kidneys oxidizes into urobilin
  - - - activated by hypoxia (inadequate O2 delivery --> low levels of RBCs)
    - - red marrow consists of reticular CT that surrounds blood sinusoids
        
        sinusoids are leaky - blood able to squeeze out into blood stream
    - - myeloid stem cell
        
        proerythroblast
        
        erythroblast
        
        normoblast (initiates steps that eject nucleus and cellular organelles)
        
        reticulocytes